• Aardvarks, 241
  • Acanthodians
  • Acanthostega
  • Acheulean tools, 286, 286, 287
  • Acritarchs
  • Actinistia, see coelacanths
  • Actinopterygians
  • Adapids, 269, 269­71
  • Adaptive radiation, see radiation
  • Adenosine triphosphate, see ATP
  • Aegyptopithecus, 272, 273, 273
  • Aepycamelus, 250, 250
  • Aepyornis
  • Aetosaurs
  • Afrotheria, 240, 241
  • Age dating of rocks, 18­20, 19
  • Aglaophyton, 98, 99 Agnatha, 86, 87
  • Aļstopods
  • Akmonistion, 91, 91
  • Albedo, and ice ages, 298
  • Aldanella, 57
  • Algae, 32, 33, 42, 96, 97
  • Alligators, see crocodilians
  • Allosaurs, Allosaurus, 151­3, 169
  • Amber
  • Ambulocetus, 243
  • Amino acids, 6, 8, 10­12
  • Amniotes
  • Amniotes
  • Amniotic egg
  • Amphiaspids
  • Amphibians
  • Amphioxus
  • Anapsids
  • Anapsids
  • Anchisaurus, 158, 159
  • Andrewsarchus, 242
  • Angiosperms, flowering plants
  • Anglaspis, 87
  • Anhanguera, 181, 182, 184, 184
  • Ankylosaurs, Ankylosaurus, 156, 157, 158
  • Anomalocarids, Anomalocaris
  • Anomodonts, 134­6
  • Anteaters, 260, 262
  • Anteosaurs, 134
  • Anthracosaurs, 114­16, 117
  • Anthropoids, 268, 269, 19.9
  • Antiarchs Apidium, 272 Archaea, 13, 14, 24
  • Archaean Era
  • Archaeanthus
  • Archaefructus
  • Archaeocyathids, 57, 57
  • Archaeoindris, 268
  • Archaeopteris
  • Archaeopteryx Archaeosperma, 100 Archaeothyris, 125, 126 Archelon, from the Oceans of Kansas Web site.
  • archosauromorphs, 140, 140­2, 141, 147
  • Archosauria, archosaurs Archosaurus, 146, 147, 147
  • Arctocyon, arctocyonids
  • Ardipithecus Argentavis, 191, 192 Argentinosaurus, 159 Argyrolagus, 259 armadillos, 241, 259­62
  • arsinoitheres, Arsinoitherium
  • Arthrodires
  • Arthropleura, arthropleurids arthropods, 49, 56, 56, 58­60, 59, 71, 102 articular, bone in jaw, 214­15
  • Artiodactyls Asfaltomylos, 222 asteroids, 3­5 astrapotheres, Astrapotherium, 243
  • Astraspis atmosphere, early, 4­6, 6, 24 ATP, 9, 12 Australia, evolution in, 255­8 extinction in, 307, 308 australopithecines, 278­83 Australopithecus, 279­83, 280-282
  • Australopithecus aethiopicus
  • Australopithecus afarensis
  • Australopithecus anamensis
  • Australopithecus anamensis
  • Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus garhi
  • Australopithecus garhi
  • Australopithecus robustus Austriadactylus, 184 autotrophs, autotrophy, 12­14
  • Aysheaia baboons, 396 bacteria, Chapters 2, 3 gut bacteria, 129, 130, 159, 171, 172 See also Archaea; cyanobacteria Balanerpeton, 115 Baluchitherium, 250, 250 banded iron formations, see BIF basalts, flood, 76­8, 287, 288 basking, in origin of tetrapods, 107­9, 108 in crocodiles, 108, 170, 171
  • bats beetles, as pollinators, 204­6 Beipiaosaurus, 166 Beringia, 304 BIF, 25­28 Bilateria, bilaterians, 43­6, 45, 49­50, 54 biogeography, 255, 266 bipedalism, in hominids, 279­80 bird bison, 301, 302, 305, 307, 307 bivalves, 72 bony Žshes, see Osteichthyes Borhyaena, borhyaenids, 260, 261, 261 brachiopods, 17, Brachiosaurus, 159 brain, 86 brain size, in hominids, 280­3, 286, 287 Branchiostoma, 85, 85, 86 Branisella, 273 Brontops, 247 brontotheres, see titanotheres Brontotherium, 247 bryozoans, 49, 72 bubble breathing, 106 bulldozer hypothesis, 72
  • Burgess Fauna
  • Burgess fauna

    Cacops, 116 camarasaurs, Camarasaurus, 159, 159 Camarhynchus, 245 Cambrian Fauna, 69­71, 70 Cambrian Explosion or radiation, 49, 50 camels, 250, 250, 301, 302, 306 Cantius, 269, 271 Captorhinus, 125 carbon burial, 26, 27 carbon isotopes, 20­2, 76­8, 235, 253 Carcharodontosaurus, 152

  • Carnivora Carpolestes, 269
  • Carrier's Constraint (First section only). caseids, 126, 128, 128, 132, 278 Casineria, 114 cassowary, 191, 237 catalyst, 9 Caudipteryx, 166, 168 ceboids, 261, 271­4 cell, description, 6, 7 earliest fossil, 23, 23, 24 cell membrane, 6, 9, 10, 30, 31 cellulose, digesting, 129 centipedes, 122 cephalaspids, 87, 88, 88
  • Cephalochordates cephalopods, 72
  • Ceratopsians
  • Ceratosauria cercopithecoids, 271­4 cetaceans, see whales Changchengornis, 190 characters, in classification, 45­50 cheetah, 302 Chengjiang Fauna chert, 16, 23, 25, 98
  • Chicxulub crater chlorophyll, 13 chloroplasts, see plastids choana, 104
  • Choanožagellates
  • Chondrichthyes
  • Chordata, chordates
  • Chriacus
  • clade, a group of creatures that include an ancestor and all its descendants
  • cladistics, the practice of organizing creatures into clades
  • cladogram, diagram that shows a hypothesis of relationships between selected organisms (it has evolutionary implications but does not explicitly state them).
  • clam, informal name for bivalve
  • classification, of organisms, the practice of arranging organisms into convenient groups
  • Clidastes, 202
  • clone, an organism that develops from an ancestor by fission, so that it is genetically identical to that ancestor
  • Clovis culture, 304, 305
  • Cnidaria, cnidarians
  • Coelacanths
  • Coelacanths
  • coelom, fluid-filled internal body cavity of many bilaterian animals
  • Coelophysis, coelophysoids, 152, 153
  • Coelurosauravus, 139, 179, 180, 180
  • coelurosaurs, 152, 153
  • comet, 3, 6, 7
  • communities, of organisms, 66­9
  • Compsognathus, 152,
  • Concorde Fallacy, in biology, 224
  • condor, 306
  • conducting strand, in plants, 97, 98
  • Confuciusornis
  • Confuciusornis
  • conifers, 132, 133 pollination in, 204
  • conjugation, of cells, 33
  • Cooksonia, 98, 99
  • corals, 72
  • Corythosaurus, 157
  • Cotylorhynchus, 128, 128
  • Craniata, craniates, 85­7
  • Creodonts
  • Creodonts
  • crinoids, 72
  • crocodilians (crocodiles and alligators), 108, 130
  • CroMagnon, 291, 292
  • crown group, in classification, 39
  • Crurotarsi, 141, 147
  • crustaceans, 72
  • Cryogenic, see Snowball Earth
  • Ctenochasma, 181, 182
  • cuscus, 256
  • cuticle, of plants, 97, 98
  • cyanide, 6, 8, 11
  • cyanobacteria, 14, 22­6, 32, 33, 33
  • cycads, 132, 204­6
  • cynodonts, 134­6,
  • Cynognathus, 142
  • Dactylopsila, 245, 256
  • Daubentonia Deccan Traps, 231, 232
  • Deinonychus
  • Deinosuchus, 198
  • Deinotherium, 310
  • Deltatheridium, 222
  • Dendropithecus, 274
  • dentary, bone in jaw, 214­16
  • deposit feeding, see mud­eating
  • dermopterans, 268
  • Deuterostomia, to quote Toby Wright from the Palaeos site, All triploblasts closer to the early bird than to the worm. Living deuterostomes are chordates and echinoderms and smaller groups,,,,,
  • Diacronus, 269, 271
  • Diadectes, 116, 129
  • Diadiaphorus, 259, 260, 18.8
  • diaphragm, 145, 217
  • Dapsids Diarthrognathus, 214 Diatryma, 191, 243, 243
  • Dickinsonia
  • dicynodonts, 134, 136,
  • Didelphis, 259
  • Diictodon, 137, 219
  • Dimetrodon, 125,
  • dinocephalians, 134, 135
  • Dinohippus, 253, 254
  • Dinosauria
  • Diplocaulus, 116
  • Diplodocus, 159, 159
  • Dipnoi, see lungŽshes
  • Diprotodon, diprotodonts
  • Dipterus, 93
  • displacement, ecological, 238
  • display
  • divarication, in plants, 258
  • diversity
  • diversity gradient, 67, 68
  • DNA, 7, 9­11, 31, 33­6
  • Dodo
  • Dodo
  • dogs, 247, 248
  • Dolichocebus, 273
  • dormouse, giant, 264
  • Draco, 179­81
  • dragonžies, 122, 122, 123, 178
  • Dromaeosaurs
  • Dromornis, dromornithids, 191, 255, 257, 258, 307
  • dryomorphs, 274­76
  • Dryopithecus, 275
  • Du, 310, 311
  • Duckbill dinosaurs, see hadrosaurs
  • Dunkleosteus, 90, 90
  • East Kirkton Ecdysozoa, 49 echidna, 256 echinoderms, 49, 56, 60, 61, 72 echinoids, 72 ecological displacement or replacement, 238, 239 ecosystem, Earth's first, 14 edaphosaurs, Edaphosaurus, 126,
  • Ediacaran Fauna
  • Ediacaran Fauna from Ediacara Edmontosaurus, 157
  • Eggs, dinosaur Elasmosaurus, 201
  • Elephants see also gomphotheres, mammoths, mastodons elephant bird, see Aepyornis elephant seals, 111, 112 elephant shrews, 241 Elginerpeton, 110, 110 endosymbiosis, see symbiosis energy, in origin of life, 7, 7­9, 12­14 enzymes, in origin of life, 9­10, 12 Eoalulavis, 190 Eoarthropleura, 102
  • Eoraptor
  • Eoraptor Eomaia, 225 Eosimias, 270, 271 Eotitanops, 247 Equus, 252, 252­4, 253 Erwin, Douglas, 75 Eryops, 114, 115, 115, 144 ESD, environmental sex determination, 234 Estemmenosuchus, 135
  • Eucritta Eukarya, eukaryotes, 29­36, 30-2
  • Euparkeria Eurhinosaurus, 199
  • Eusthenopteron
  • Eusthenopteron Eutherian mammals, see placentals Eutriconodonts, 222 Evolution Extinction
  • Extinction, in Australia
  • Extinction, in Hawaii.
  • Extinction, in Madagascar.
  • Extinctions, mass
  • Exctinction, in New Zealand
  • Extinction, Permian Fayum, 271­3 Feathers, on dinosaurs Fecal pellets, 62 felids, see cats fermentation, 12, 13, 26 see also bacteria, gut ferns, 121, 133, 233 Fig Tree Chert, 23, 23, 24 filter feeding, 46, 58, 59, 71, 72, 181 flagella, 30, 43 flatworm, 54, 55 flood basalts, see basalts flowering plants, see angiosperms Forktails,
  • forktailed thelodonts formaldehyde, 6, 8, 11 fossil, definition of, 16 finding age of, 18, 19 fossil record, biases of, 16­18, 81, 104 fossilization, 16­18 of vertebrates, 84 frigate birds, 182, 188 fur, see hair
  • Galapagos, 395, 396
  • Garganoaetus, 264
  • gastroliths, 160
  • gastropods, 72
  • gene pool, all the genes contained in a population of organisms
  • genes, Hox genes, 48­50, 219 regulatory, 47, 48 structural, 47, 48
  • genome, definition, 33
  • genera, genus
  • Genyornis, 307
  • gibbons, 274, 360
  • Giganotosaurus
  • Gigantopithecus.
  • gigantothermy, 170
  • gill arches, 88, 89
  • gills
  • gingkos, 132, 271
  • giraffes, 160
  • glacial and interglacial periods, 298, 299
  • glaciation
  • Glossopteris, 133
  • glucose, 12
  • Glyptodon, glyptodonts, 260­2, 261
  • gnathostomes, jawed fishes
  • Gobiconodon, 222
  • golden moles, 241
  • gomphotheres, 306
  • Gondwana, 66, 115
  • Gorgonopsians grasses, 248­250 Gravettians, 292, 310­12 greenhouse effect, 4­6, Grypania, 33 guanacaste trees, 306 guard cells, 97 guilds, ecological, 71, 244­7 gymnosperms, 132, 204 Hadrocodium, 221, 222
  • Hadrosaurs
  • Hagfish Haikouichthys, 85, 86
  • Hallucigenia
  • Hallucigenia, ecology of, Hamersley iron ore, 25 hamsters, giant, 264 Haptodus, 127, 127 hard parts, see skeletons harvestman, earliest, 114 hearts, 105, 144 hedgehogs, 241 Heleosaurus, 139, 142, 146 hemichordates, 49 Hemicyclaspis, 88 herbivory, 122 on savannas, 248­50 in tetrapods, 129, 130
  • Herrerasaurus
  • Herrerasaurus
  • Hesperornis from the Oceans of kansas Web site. Updated 2004.
  • Heterodontosaurus Heterohyus, 245 Heterosteus, 90
  • Heterostracans
  • Heterostracans
  • heterotrophs, heterotrophy, 12­14
  • Hipparion horses, 244, 252, 253, 263
  • hominids,
  • hominoids,
  • Homo, definition of, 283
  • Homo antecessor
  • Homo erectus
  • Homo ergaster
  • Homo habilis
  • Homo heidelbergensis
  • Hoplitomeryx, 264, 265, 265
  • horsetails, 133
  • Hovasaurus, 139, 140
  • Hox genes, see genes
  • Huxley, T. H.
  • hyaenodonts, 247, 248 Hylonomus
  • hypercanes, gigantic hurricanes supposed to have been generated by an asteroid impact
  • hypsodont teeth, 250
  • Hyracotherium, 243, 251, 251­3
  • Hyraxes Ianthasaurus, 126, 128 Icaronycteris, 193 Icarosaurus, 180, 180 ice age, 297­300 ice caps, Paleozoic, 133, 133
  • Ichthyornis from the Oceans of Kansas Web site. Updated 2004.
  • ichthyosaurs
  • Ichthyosaurs
  • Ichthyostega Iguanodon, iguanodonts, 156
  • Impacts, extraterrestrial incumbent effect, 81 innovation, evolutionary, 82 interchange, of animals, Africa and Eurasia, 263, 264, 264 North and South America, 261, 262, 262 iridium, 74, 79, 229, 229, 230, 233, 233
  • Irish elk isotopes, 20­21 Isua rocks, 21, 25 Ivantosaurus, jaws, evolution of, 87­9 of cynodonts, 213­6, 214, 215 of dicynodonts, 136 of placoderms, 90 of early mammals, 213­6 Jeholodens, 222 jellyfish, 54, 55, 55 K­T boundary, 228­36
  • Kakapo. kangaroos, 256­8 Kenyapithecus, 276 Keratocephalus, 134 Kimberella, 54, 55 kiwi, 66, 191 koala, 256, 257 Komodo dragon, see lizard, varanid Kryptobataar, 222, 223
  • Kuehneosaurids, Kuehneosaurus Kuehneotherium, 221
  • La Brea
  • La Brea
  • lactic acid, 26
  • Laetoli, footprints at, .
  • Lamprey
  • Lariosaurus, 200
  • Latimeria
  • Laurasia, 66
  • Leaellynosaura, 169
  • Leiopleurodon, 201
  • lemurs, 268, 269, 271
  • lepidosauromorphs, 140
  • lepidosaurs, 171, 172
  • Lesothosaurus, 156, 156
  • lignin, 97, 122
  • Linnean system, 36, 36
  • lipids, liposomes, 9, 9, 10
  • Lissamphibia
  • lithotrophs, lithotrophy, 13
  • live birth, 220, 223 at sea, 202, 203 liverworts, 98 lizards, 140, 143­5; see also mosasaurs flying, see Draco varanid or monitor,
  • Lizards, Komodo dragon lobefin Žshes, see sarcopterygians lobopods, 59, 59 locomotion, see also swimming; flight of anthracosaurs, 116 of archosauromorphs, 146­8 of arthropods, 56, 60 of bilaterians, 45, 45, 46 of crocodiles, 181 of cynodonts, 216, 217 of dinosaurs, 161, 162 of Euparkeria, 146, 147 of hominids, 279, 280 of horses, 252 of lizards, 143, 143­5 of mammals, 145, 216, 217 of marsupials, 145 of pelycosaurs, 126, 127, 144 of primates, 271 and respiration, 143­5 of tetrapods, 109, 109 of therapsids, 134­7
  • Longisquama Lophotrochozoa, 49, 54 loris, 268, 271 Lucy, see Australopithecus afarensis lungfishes, 91­3, 93, 103, 107, 109 lycopods, 98, 121, 132 Lystrosaurus, 137 Macronaria, 159 magnolias, 205 Maiasaura, 164, 210
  • Mammal
    see also marsupials; monotremes; multituberculates; placentals
  • mammoth­bone dwellings, 311
  • mammoths, 22, 292
  • Manicouagan crater, 142
  • Maniraptorans
  • Marden, James, home page
  • Marginocephalia marine reptiles, 196­203
  • Marrella 6
  • Marsupials
  • Marsupials
  • mass extinctions, see extinction
  • masseter muscle, 214, 214, 249
  • mastodons, 263, 301, 302, 305, 305
  • mate choice, 33­6, 205, 206
  • Mawsonites, 55
  • mayflies, 177, 178
  • Megaherbivores
  • Megaladapis, 268
  • Megalania
  • megapods, 152, 310
  • Megaraptor, 259
  • Megoceros, see Irish elk
  • Meiolania
  • Merychippus, 252, 252, 253, 253
  • Mesohippus, 252
  • mesonychids, 242, 243, 247
  • Mesosaurus, 141, 141
  • Mesozoic Marine Revolution, 72
  • metabolism, 7 See also digestion; thermoregulation
  • metatherians, see marsupials
  • metazoans, 42­53, 44
  • meteorites, 3, 5, 6, 8­10 See also impacts, extraterrestrial
  • methane, 4, 6, 8, 13, 20, 24, 27, 78
  • methane hydrate, 78
  • methanogens, 13, 20
  • miacids, 247, 248
  • Micropithecus, 274
  • Microraptor
  • microsaurs, 114, 116
  • microwave summer, 79, 80
  • midocean ridges and rifts, 11
  • Milankovitch cycles, 298, 299
  • millipedes, 102, 122, 123
  • mites, earliest, 102
  • mitochondria, 30­2
  • mitosis, 31
  • Mixosaurus, 199
  • Moa
  • Modern Fauna, 69­72, 70, 71
  • moeritheres, Moeritherium, 262, 263
  • molecular clocks, 240
  • molluscs, 49, 54, 56, 57, 60, 71 See also bivalves; gastropods; cephalopods
  • molting, of arthropods, 49, 58
  • monitors, see lizards, varanid
  • monkeys, New World, see ceboids Old World, see cercopithecoids
  • Mononykus, 152
  • Monotremes
  • monsoons, 68, 69, 69
  • Morganucodon, morganucodonts, 220, 221, 221
  • Morotopithecus, 275
  • Mosasaurs
  • Mosasaurus, 202
  • mosses, 97, 133
  • mud eating, 58, 59, 71, 88, 90
  • Mudskippers
  • Multituberculates
  • Multituberculates
  • mutation, 33
  • naked genes, 10, 11
  • natural selection
  • Neanderthals
  • Nectrideans
  • nematocyst, 44, 45, 45
  • node, in classification, 39
  • North America, human arrival in, 304
  • Notharctus, 269
  • nothosaurs, 199­201, 200
  • notochord, 84­6
  • nucleic acids, see DNA, RNA
  • nucleotides, 9
  • nucleus, of cell, 31­3
  • numbat, 256, 257
  • Nyctosaurus, 183, 183, 184, 184
  • Oldowan tools, 283, 284, 284
  • Olenoides .
  • omomyids, 269, 270, 270
  • Opabinia
  • Ophiacodon, ophiacodonts, 126, 126, 127
  • opossum, 259, 262
  • opportunity, evolutionary, 81, 82
  • orangutan, orang, 274­6
  • orchids, 209
  • organelles, 29­33, 30, 33
  • Ornimegalonyx
  • Ornithischia
  • Ornithodira, 147
  • Ornithomimids
  • Ornithopods
  • ornithosuchians, Ornithosuchus, 142, 147, 148
  • Orrorin
  • Osteichthyes, 89, 91, 91­4
  • Osteolepis, 103
  • Osteolepiforms
  • Osteostracans
  • ostracoderm, 86, 86
  • Ostrich dinosaurs, see ornithomimids
  • Out of Africa hypothesis, 290
  • Overkill Hypothesis
  • Oviraptor, oviraptors
  • Owen, Sir Richard
  • Owen-Smith, Norman
  • oxyaenids, 247
  • oxygen radicals, charged oxygen atoms which tend to harm oliving cells
  • Oxygen Revolution, the transition in which Earth's atmosphere and surface waters came to contain permanent free oxygen.
  • ozone, molecule made of three oxygen atoms. The ozone layer inthe high atmosphere acts to shield Earth's surface from solar ultraviolet rays.
  • pachycephalosaurs, Pachycephalosaurus, 156, 162, 162
  • Paedotherium, 191, 192
  • Palaeopropithecus, 268
  • PaleoIndians, 304­7
  • Paleozoic Fauna, one of three great groups of marine animals defined by Jack Sepkoski: dominated Earth sea-floor communities from the early Ordovician to the end of the Permian.
  • Pangea, 66, 66, 133
  • Panthalassa, the great world ocean which occupied the two-thirds of the Earth's surface that was not occupied by the supercontinent Pangea.
  • Parahippus, 252
  • "Paranthropus", name sometimes used for species of "robust" australopithecines
  • parapithecids, 272, 272
  • Parasaurolophus, 163, 163
  • parasuchids, 147, 148, 148
  • passenger pigeon, 73
  • peccaries, 250
  • Pederpes, 114
  • pelagornithids, 192
  • Pelycosaurs
  • Perissodactyls Petrolacosaurus, 125, 125, 139, 140 Phanerozoic Eon, 56 phloem, 97 Phoberomys, 261 phorusrhacids, 191, 191, 243, 260, 262 photosynthesis, 13, 14, phylogram, diagram that shows a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationship between selected organisms phylum, 49, 56 phytosaurs, see parasuchids placenta, 223, 224
  • Placental mammals, placentals
  • Placoderms
  • Placodonts, Placodus plankton, those marine creatures that float in the ocean but do not swim
  • plastid, an organelle that carries chlorophyll and carries out photosynthesis
  • plate tectonics, 65, 66, 74
  • Platecarpus, 202, 202
  • Plateosaurus, 159
  • Platygonus, 250
  • Platypterygius, 199
  • platypus, 256
  • Plesiadapids
  • Plesiosaurs pliosaurs, 199, 201 plume tectonics, 76, 77 PNA, 10, 11
  • Pollination, in cycads
  • Pollination, by insects pongid, Pongo, see orangutan Porifera, see sponges Porphyrins, 13 Postosuchus, 148 posture, erect, 145, 145, 146 of dinosaurs, 160, 161, 169 of hominids, 279, 280 predation, and diversity, 61, 72 predators and prey, 61 preservation of fossils, 16­18
  • Priapulids
  • Primates
    see also ceboids; cercopithecoids; hominoids; prosimians Probainognathus, 214 Proborhyaena, 260, 261 Proconsul, 274­6, 275 Procoptodon, 307 Procynosuchus, 215, 216, 218 prokaryotes, 29­31, 30 Prosauropoda, prosauropods 142, 152, 158, 159
  • Prosimians Protarchaeopteryx, 166 Proterozoic Era, 24­8, 42
  • Protists protocells, 7, 10, 12 Protoceratops, 164 provinces, biotic, 66, 67, 67 Psaronius, 122 Pseudantechinus, 217 Psilophyton, 100, 100 Psittacosaurus, 160, 166 Pteranodon, 182, 185 pteraspids, Pteraspis, 87, 87 Pterichthys, 91 pterodactyloids, 182, 184 Pterodactylus, 182 Pterodaustro, 181
  • Pterosauria, pterosaurs Ptilodus, 222, 223, 223 quadrate, bone in jaw, 214, 215 quartz, shocked, 74, 79, 229­31 Quetzalcoatlus, 182, 185, 185 rabbits, 241 radiation, evolutionary, radioactivity, 18, 19 raptors, 264, 265 rauisuchians, 142, 147, 148 rayfin Žshes, see actinopterygians rays (fishes), 89, 90 recombination, definition, 33 recovery, from extinction, 81 red beds, 27 reefs, 68, 72, 75, 76 regulatory genes, 47, 47, 48 replacement, ecological, 244­8 replication, of cells, 7, 33 reproduction, see also amniotic egg; eggs reptiles, marine, 196­203 respiration rhamphorhynchoids, Rhamphorhynchus, 181, 182, 184 rhinoceroses, 251 woolly, 306, 310, 311 rhipidistians,
  • Rhipidistians
    see osteolepiforms Rhomaleosaurus, 201 Rhynchosauria, rhynchosaurs, 141, 142, Rhynia, rhyniophytes, 98­100, 99 ribozymes, 10 Riojasaurus, 157 RNA, 7, 9, 10, 11 Rodinia, 66 Rutiodon, 148
  • Sahelanthropus
  • Sahelanthropus
  • Salamanders
  • Sarcopterygians sauropodomorphs, 157­9
  • Sauropoda, sauropods sauropterygians, 140, 199, 199­201 savannas, 248­50 Scaphonyx, 146 sclerites, 61 scorpions, 102, 114, 121
  • Sea cows sea level, in ice age, 298, 300, 301 sea lions, 201, 265 sea pens, 54 seafood hypothesis, 73 seals, 265 seeds, 100, 101, 203, 204, 206­9 dispersal of, 206­9 origin of, 100, 101 segmentation, of bilaterians, 46 Seismosaurus, 159 Serengeti, 68, 248, 249
  • Seymouria sexual dimorphism, in primates, 272, 281 sexual reproduction, flaws of, 33 origin of, 31, 33­6
  • sharks
  • Sharovipteryx shocked quartz, 74, 79, 229, 229­31
  • Shonisaurus. oceans of kansas Web site
  • shrews, 241 Siberian Traps, 76, 78 Silesaurus, 149, 149 Sinornis, 190 Sinornithosaurus, 166 Sinosauropteryx, 166 sivapithecids, Sivapithecus, 275, 275, 276, 276 size, consequences of, 60, 119, 120, 129, 130, 171, 223 of dinosaurs, 159­61, 171­3 skeletons, evolution of, 56­58 sloths, 66, 241, 262, 301­3, 305
  • Smilodon snakes, 140, 179, 255, 301 Snowball or Slushball Earth, 50­2, 62
  • Solnhofen Limestone sound, made by dinosaurs, 162, 163, 163 South America, Cenozoic evolution in, 240­3, 259­62 extinction in, 261, 262 species, 35­8 sphenacodonts, 126­8, 127, 133
  • Sphenodon, sphenodonts spherules, see tektites spiders, 17, 102, 121­122 sponges, 43­6, sporangia, 98 spores, 77, 96­8, 176, 233, 233 of early land plants, 96­8, 98 springtails, 102 Squamata, 140 squamosal, bone in jaw, 214, 215 stance, see posture starfish, 61 stegosaurs, Stegosaurus, 156, 157, 158, 172 stem group, in classification, 39 sterols, 29 Steropodon, 222 stomata, 97, 98 Stomatosuchus, 198 stoneflies, 178 stromatolites, 22-4, 22­6 structural genes, 47, 48 Stupendemys, 261 suckling, evolution of, 218­20, 223 superoxide dismutase, 14 Sylviornis, 310, 310 symbiosis, 29­32, 31, 32 symmetrodonts, 222
  • Synapsids
  • Synapsids Szostak, Jack, 10 tapinocephalians, 134, 134, 135, 135 tapirs, 251 tarsiers, 268, 271 Tarsipes, 256
  • Tasmanian devil Tasmanian wolf, taxonomy, 36­41 tectonics, plate, 65, 66 plume, 76, 77 teeth, of cynodonts, 213, 215, 216 of early mammals, 213, 215, 216, 221, 222 of horses, 253 hypsodont, 250 of multituberculates, 222, 223 tektites, and spherules,
  • Tektites
  • Temnospondyls Teratornis, teratorns, 191, 192, 192, 306 Terrestrisuchus, 198 Tetonius, 270
  • Tetrapods, what are they? We can't agree!
  • Tetrapods, what are they? therapsids, 126, 133­7 Theria, therian (mammals), 221­225 theriodonts, 134, 135, 135
  • Therizinosaurs thermoregulation, behavioral, 130­132, 217, 218 in crocodiles, 170, 171 in dinosaurs, 164­173 and feathers, 167 inertial, 170 in insects, 219, 220 in mammals, 217, 218, 224, 225 in pelycosaurs, 131, 131, 132 in pterosaurs, 184 in therapsids, 133, 134, 134, 217
  • Theropods thoat, Thoatherium, 259, 260 Thrinaxodon, 214, 215, 217, 217
  • Thylacoleo
  • Thylacoleo thylacosmilids, Thylacosmilus, 260­2, 261
  • Thyreophora time scale, geological, 18­20, 20 Tingamarra, 257 Titanis, 191 titanosaurs, 159 titanotheres (= brontotheres), 243, 246, 247 Tityosteus, 90 TNA, 10, 11 tools, hominid, 282­7 tortoises, see turtles Toxodon, toxodonts, 259, 260, 262, 18.9
  • Trace fossils tree ferns, 121, 122, 122 trees, first, 100, 100 fossil, 120­3 Trematops, 115 tribosphenic molar, 222 Tribrachidium, 56 Triceratops, 158, 162, 172 triconodont teeth, 221, 221
  • Trilobites tritylodonts, 214, 217
  • Troodon, troodonts
  • Tuatara . Tulerpeton, 110, 114, 116
  • Tunicates
  • Turtles (and tortoises)
  • Turtles (and tortoises)
  • Tyrannosaurs, Tyrannosaurus
  • uintatheres, Uintatherium
  • ungulates Uraninite, 27
  • Urochordates varanids, see lizards, varanid Varanosaurus, 126, 127 vascular plants, 97­101 Velociraptor, 152 Vendian, see Ediacaran
  • Vertebrates viviparity, see live birth vultures, 68 wallaby, 145, 145, 256, 257 walrus, 265 warm blood, Warrawoona, 22, 23, 22­4 weasels, 247 Weigeltisauria, 180
  • Weta
  • Whales Winteraceae, 205
  • Wiwaxia
  • Witmer, Larry, home page
  • Wonambi wood, first, 100 woodpecker guild, 245 worms, 45, 54, 55, 58
  • Xenarthra
  • Xenarthra xylem, 97­100 Zhangheotherium, 222 zircon, 6, 21