References in Edition 4, with associated Web links: new format as of March 2006.
What I'm doing here is to list the references from edition 4 that I think are still good, and add Web references along with them. If the paper itself is freely available on the Web, I try to give its URL too. I have inserted new references that appeared after the 4th edition went into production (roughly the end of 2003), and if they replaced older ones, I have deleted those.
A (very) few journals post their contents so that they are freely available on the Web. Most journals that post content on the Web restrict access to subscribers, either direct subscribers, or indirect subscribers (for example, students accessing the Web from a computer belonging to a college that itself has an electronic subscription to the journal).
Mostly on principle, I have not given Web references that REQUIRE such subscription. It clashes with my concept of what the Web should be. However, many of my readers are students, and many of them attend colleges that have subscriptions to some of the leading general science journals. So as time goes on I will add some of these restricted URL addresses, but I will color them RED so that the rest of us can avoid the annoyance and waste of time involved in trying to access such sites.
The other side of that coin is that I appreciate and applaud those institutions that HAVE made their journal contents accessible. The American National Academy of Sciences makes its Proceedings (PNAS) available soon after publication, and Science publishes its content on the Web some months after its print publication. Science News posts one or two articles a week for general access. Most journals have become more restrictive rather than less. That's a shame because they are keeping away from people some fine articles that might persuade people to subscribe to the magazine: Natural History, Scientific American, and American Scientist are examples of such back-sliding.
The Web references about a given paper are variable in quality. Sometimes they are press releases, sometimes news articles. They will usually give a short summary, sometimes with comment by other scientists. So they have some value, though nothing substitutes for the original paper by the people who actually made the discovery. If the reference is particularly misleading, I will say so (and why I think so).
Let me also applaud those scientists who take the time and trouble to post material about their work on the Web on their own pages. It helps those of us who are trying to understand what they are doing, and what it may mean. If you are one of those people, and I have not found your Web page, please let me know.
The more Web addresses I post, the more maintenance it takes to keep checking the links. Please bear with me if a link has broken. Google may well help you find a new address with the same stuff, or new material on the topic.
New material always appears first in my "Paleontology in the News" web page. Eventually, if it has lasting relevance to the book, it is transferred here.
References in Edition 4
Further Reading for Chapter 1
Planets
-
Bada, J. L. 2005. A field with a life of its own. Science 307, p. 46. [Review of a book on the development of astrobiology.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Bibring, J-P. et al. 2005. Mars surface diversity as revealed by the OMEGA/Mars Express observations. Science 307: 1576-1581. [Early wet Mars, but no long-term surface water for billions of years.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Buseck, P. R., et al. 2001. Magnetite morphology and life on Mars. PNAS 98: 13490-13495. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Christensen, P. R. 2003. Formation of recent martian gullies through melting of extensive water-rich snow deposits. Nature 422: 45-48.
-
Chyba, C. F., and K. P. Hand. 2001. Life without photosynthesis. Science 292: 2026-2027. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Chyba, C. F., and C. B. Phillips. 2002. Europa as an abode of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 47-68. My comments and other links under "Europa" in this page.
-
Elwood Madden, M. E., et al. 2004. Jarosite as an indicator of water-limited chemical weathering on Mars. Nature 431: 821-823. [Mars, at least in the Meridiani area, had an EARLY wet acidic period, but has been arid ever since.]
-
Gaidos, E. J., et al. 1999. Life in ice-covered oceans. Science 284: 1631-1633. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Gladman, B. 2005. The Kuiper Belt and the Solar System's comet disk. Science 307: 71-75. [Short and clear review paper. It shows that we still don't know enough about the formation of the planets of our Solar System, though good evidence may come from the Kuiper Belt soon.]
Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Greaves, J. S. 2005. Disks around stars and the growth of planetary systems. Science 307: 68-71. [Short and clear review paper. It shows that we still don't know enough about the formation of stars and planets. We CANNOT say, for example, what percentage of stars might have planets, especially Earth-like planets. That makes the Drake equation impossible to quantify.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Hynek, B. M. 2004. Implications for hydrologic processes on Mars from extensive bedrock outcrops throughout Terra Meridiani. Nature 431: 156-159. [Firm evidence of a wet period EARLY in Mars' history.]
-
Jacobsen, S. B. 2003. How old is planet Earth? Science 300: 1513-1514. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Jakosky, B. M., and M. T. Mellon. 2004. Water on Mars. Physics Today 57 (4): 71-76. Summary from 2004. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kerr, R. A. 2003. Iceball Mars? Science 300: 234-236. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kerr, R. A. 2004. Heavy breathing on Mars? Science 306: 29. [News update on claims for methane in the Martian atmosphere.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Kerr, R. A. 2004. On Mars, a second chance for life. Science 306: 20102012. ["Breakthrough of the Year" in Science: documentation of much EARLY water on Mars.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Kerr, R. A. 2005. And now, the younger, dry side of Mars is coming out. Science 307: 1025-1026. [Mars HAS been dry for billions of years.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Kerr, R. A. 2005. Rovers, dust, and a not-so-wet Mars. Science 308: 192-193. [Mars HAS been dry for billions of years.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Lunine, J. I. 2005. Astrobiology: a Multidisciplinary Approach. San Francisco: Addison Wesley. [A 500-page college textbook.]
-
Malin, M. C., and K. S. Edgett. 2000. Sedimentary rocks of early Mars. Science 290: 1927-1937. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Mangold, N., et al. 2004. Evidence for precipitation on Mars from dendritic valleys in the Valles Marineris area. Science 305: 7881. [Very nice paper. Evidence of EARLY water flow on the surface (around 3.3 b.y. ago, well within the time when life had evolved on Earth). But there is no indication whether the water flow was so episodic as to be hopeless in terms of life, or frequent enough to keep the optimists going.]. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Palme, H. 2004. The Giant Impact formation of the Moon. Science 304: 977979. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Schilling, G. 1999. From a swirl of dust, a planet is born. Science 286: 66-68. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Segura, T. L., et al. 2002. Environmental effects of large impacts on Mars. Science 298: 1977-1980. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Treiman, A. H. 2003. Geologic settings of Martian gullies: implications for their origins. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 8031-8043.
-
Wood, J. A. 1999. Forging the planets: the origin of our Solar System. Sky & Telescope 97 (1): 36-48.
Origin of Life
-
Aldiss, B. W. 2001. Desperately seeking aliens. Nature 409: 1080-1082. [Aldiss is right: see my Web page on space aliens]
-
Bada, J. L., and A. Lazcano. 2002. Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules. Science 296: 1982-1983. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bada, J. L., and A. Lazcano. 2003. Prebiotic soup‹revisiting the Miller experiment. Science 300: 745-746. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Chen, I. A., et al. 2004. The emergence of competition between model protocells. Science 305: 1474-1476, Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Chen, I. A. 2006. The emergence of cells during the origin of life. Science 314: 1558-1559. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Cohen, J., and I. Stewart. 2001. Where are the dolphins? Nature 409: 1119-1122.
-
Cooper, G., et al. 2001. Carbonaceous meteorites as a source of sugar-related organic compounds for the early Earth. Nature 414: 879-883, and comment, pp. 857-858.
-
Dobson, C. M., et al. 2000. Atmospheric aerosols as prebiotic chemical reactors. PNAS 97: 11864-11868. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
de Duve, C. 2005. The onset of selection. Nature 433: 581-582. [Darwinian selection began to operate before there were cells.]
-
Dworkin, J. P., et al. 2001. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules: synthesis in simulated interstellar/precometary ices. PNAS 98: 815-819. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Greenberg, J. M. 2000. The secrets of stardust. Scientific American 283 (6): 70-75.
-
Hazen, R. M. 2001. Life's rocky start. Scientific American 284 (4): 76-85.
-
Hazen, R. M. 2003. Genesis: the Scientific Quest for Life's Origins. Washington, D. C.: Joseph Henry Press.
-
Joyce, G. F. 2002. Booting up life. Nature 410: 278-279.
-
Joyce, G. F. 2002. The antiquity of RNA-based evolution. Nature 418: 214-221.
-
Kintisch, E. 2001. Is life that simple? Discover 22 (4): 66-71.
-
Leman, L, et al. 2004. Carbonyl sulfide-mediated prebiotic formation of peptides. Science 306: 283-286. [The volcanic gas carbonyl sulfide, COS, promotes the linkage of amino acids into peptide chains.] Free access on the Web: thank you!.
-
Levy, M., and S. L. Miller. 1998. The stability of the RNA bases: implications for the origin of life. PNAS 95: 7933-7938. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Lunine, J. I. 2001. The occurrence of Jovian planets and the habitability of planetary systems. PNAS 98: 809-814. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Lunine, J. I. 2005. Astrobiology: a Multidisciplinary Approach. San Francisco: Addison Wesley. [A 500-page college textbook.]
-
Miller, S. L. 1953. A production of amino acids under possible primitive earth conditions. Science 117: 528-529. [Here is a .pdf file of the paper, from Miller's Web site.
-
Miyakawa, S., et al. 2002. Prebiotic synthesis from CO atmospheres: implications for the origins of life. PNAS 99: 14628-14631. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Miyakawa, S., et al. 2002. The cold origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 195-218.
-
Monastersky, R. 1998. The rise of life on Earth. National Geographic 193 (3): 54-81.
-
Nisbet, E. G., and N. H. Sleep. 2001. The habitat and nature of early life. Nature 409: 1083-1091.
-
Pace, N. R. 2001. The universal nature of biochemistry. PNAS 98: 805-808. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Pizzarello, S. & Weber, A. L. 2004. Prebiotic amino acids as asymmetric catalysts. Science 303: 1151. Free access on the Web. Thank you!.
-
Rasmussen, S., et al. 2004. Transitions from nonliving to living matter. Science 303: 963-965. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Reader, J. S., and G. F. Joyce. 2002. A ribozyme composed of only two different nucleotides. Nature 420: 841-844. The paper is not on the Web: here is an item from Nature news service
-
Ricardo, A., et al. 2004. Borate minerals stabilize ribose. Science 303: 196. [A better way to synthesize sugars on the early Earth.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Robinson R. 2005. Jump-starting a cellular world: investigating the origin of life, from soup to networks. PLoS Biology 3(11): e396. Free access on the Web: thank you!"
-
Schiermeier, Q. 2006. The iceman of Svalbard. Nature 440, 20. [News essay on the work of Hauke Trinks on the origin of life in sea ice. See Trinks et al. 2005 and Vlassov et al. 2005.]
-
Schöning, K.-U., et al. 2000. Science 290, 1347-1351, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1306-1307. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Shock, E. L. 2002. Seeds of life? Nature 416:380-381.
-
Trinks, H., et al. 2005. Ice and the origin of life. Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres 35: 429445.
-
Valley, J. W., et al. 2002. A cool early Earth. Geology 30: 351-354.
-
Vlassov, A. V. et al. 2005. The RNA world on ice: a new scenario for the emergence of RNA information. Journal of Molecular Evolution 61, 264273.
-
Walter, N. G., and Engelke, D. R. 2002. Ribozymes: catalytic RNAs that cut things, make things, and do odd and useful jobs. Biologist 49: 199-203. [Background.]
-
Ward, P. D., and D. Brownlee. 2000. Rare Earth.
-
Whitfield, J. 2004. Born in a watery commune. Nature 427: 674676. [Status of the search for LUCA, the last universal common ancestor.]
-
Whitfield, J. 2004. Exobiology: it's life, isn't it? Nature 430: 288290. [Status of the search for extraterrestrial life. Summary: don't hold your breath.]
-
Zimmer, C. 1995. First cell. Discover 16 (11): 71-78.
-
Zimmer, C. 2004. What came before DNA? Discover, June 2004. Original article and update, September 2004.
Last updated June 18, 2007
Further Reading for Chapter 2
-
Barasch, J., and K. Mori. 2004. Iron thievery. Nature 432: 811813. [Bacteria and iron, and how mammals protect themselves against bacteria by starving them of iron. Warning: if you are sick, and the doctor gives you iron pills because you are anemic, make sure he or she knows what's going on. If you are sick because you are being challenged by a bacterial infection, you do NOT need any extra iron in your system!]
-
Bjerrum, C. J., and D. E. Canfield. 2002. Ocean productivity before about 1.9 Gyr ago limited by phosphorus adsorption onto iron oxides. Nature 417: 159-162, and comment, pp. 127-128.
-
Bosak, T., and D. T. Newman. 2003. Microbial nucleation of calcium carbonate in the Precambrian. Geology 31: 577-580.
-
Brocks, J.J., et al. 1999. Archaean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285: 1033-1036, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment with links, pp. 1025-1026. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Dalton, R. 2002. Squaring up over ancient life. Nature 417: 782-784. [News summary of the vicious controversy over Warrawoona fossils. See also news story in Science 295: 18121813. For the papers, see Brasier, M. D., et al. 2002. Nature 416: 7681; Schopf, J. W., et al. 2002. Nature 416: 7376.]
-
Des Marais, D. J. 2003. Biogeochemistry of hypersaline microbial mats illustrates the dynamics of modern microbial ecosystems and the early evolution of the biosphere. Biological Bulletin 204: 160-167.
-
Foster, K. R. 2005. Hamiltonian medicine: why the social lives of pathogens matter. Science 308, 1269-1270. [More about bacterial consortia, and why they matter in human medicine.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Furnes, H., et al. 2004. Early life recorded in Archaean pillow lavas. Science 304: 578581, and comment, p. 503. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Greenberg, E. P. 2003. Bacterial communication: tiny teamwork. Nature 424: 134.
-
Grimaldi, D. 2004. Captured in amber. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 64-71. Updated from Scientific American, 1996.
-
Hall-Stoodley, L., et al. 2004. Bacterial biofilms: from the natural environment to infectious diseases. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2: 95-108. [Long article on the effects of bacterial biofilms in the medical field.]
-
Harrison, J. J., et al. 2005. Biofilms. American Scientist 93: 508-5xx. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Hoehler, T. M., et al. 2003. The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth. Nature 412: 324-327.
-
Kasting, J. F. 2001. The rise of atmospheric oxygen. Science 293: 819-820. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [Comment on an indigestible but important paper by Catling et al., Science 293: 839 ff.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kasting, J. F., and J. L. Siefert. 2001. The nitrogen fix. Nature 412: 26-27.
-
Kerr, R. A. 1999. Early life thrived despite earthly travails. Science 284: 2111-2113. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Knoll, A. H. 2003. Life on a Young Planet: the First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton University Press.
-
Noffke, N., et al. 2003. Earth's earliest microbial mats in a siliciclastic environment (2.9 Ga Mozaan Group, South Africa). Geology 31: 673-676.
-
Rasmussen, B., and R. Buick. 2000. Oily old ores: evidence for hydrothermal petroleum generation in an Archean volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit. Geology 28: 731-734.
-
Rosing, M. T., et al. 2004. U-rich Archaean sea-floor sediments from Greenland: indications of >3700 Ma oxygenic photosynthesis. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 217: 237-244.
-
Schopf, J. W. 1999. Cradle of Life: The Discovery of Earth's Earliest Fossils. Princeton University Press.
-
Simpson, S. 2003. Questioning the oldest signs of life. Scientific American 288 (4): 70-77. [Nice summary of the dispute over the reality of the earliest signs of life.]
-
Tice, M. M., and D. R. Lowe. 2004. Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean. Nature 431: 549-552, and comment, pp. 522-523.
-
Whitfield, J. 2004. Time lords. Nature 429: 124-125. [News feature on trying to date geological boundaries precisely.]
-
Wiechert, U. W. 2002. Earth's early atmosphere. Science 298: 2341-2342. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
van Zullen, M. A., et al. 2002. Reassessing the evidence for the earliest traces of life. Nature 418: 627-630.
-
Zschokke, S. 2003. Spider-web silk from the Early Cretaceous. Nature 424: 636-637.
Last updated June 10, 2005
Further Reading for Chapter 3
Brocks, J.J., et al. 1999. Archaean molecular fossils and the early rise of eukaryotes. Science 285: 1033-1036, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment with links, pp. 1025-1026. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Dyall, S. D., et al. 2004. Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles. Science 304: 253-257. [More than you needed to know about the clever ways that organelles have adjusted to life within other cells.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Falkowski, P. G., et al. 2004. The evolution of modern eukaryotic phytoplankton. Science 305: 354360. Free access on the Web. Thank you! . [A breakthrough paper, linking the continued evolution of the ocean plankton with geology and climate for over a billion years. It doesn't fit comfortably in this Chapter, and at some point I will have to integrate it seamlessly into the full flow of the book.]
Gabaldón, T., and M. A. Huynen. 2003. Reconstruction of the proto-mitochondrial metabolism. Science 301: 609. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Knight, J. 2004. Not so special, after all? Nature 429: 236237. [News report on current research that suggests Giardia once had mitochondria, then largely lost them. If so, then Giardia is not a truly "ancestral" eukaryote, as has sometimes been thought.].
Knoll, A. H. 2003. Life on a Young Planet: the First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton University Press.
Mojzsis, S. J. 2003. Probing early atmospheres. Nature 425: 249-251.
Ohmoto, H., et al. 2004. Evidence from massive siderite beds for a CO2-rich atmosphere before ~1.8 billion years ago. Nature 429: 395399, and comment, p. 359360.
Pavlov, A. A. 2003. Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere? Geology 31: 87-90.
Pilbeam, D. 2000. Hominoid systematics: the soft evidence. PNAS 97: 10684-10686. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Rivera, M. C., and J. A. Lake. 2004. The ring of life provides evidence for a genome fusion origin of eukaryotes. Nature 431: 152-155.
Roger, A. J., and J. D. Silberman. 2002. Mitochondria in hiding. Nature 418: 827-829.
Tenaillon, O., et al. 2000. Mutators and sex in bacteria: conflict between adaptive strategies. PNAS 97: 10465-10470. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Whitman, W. B., et al. 1998. Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. PNAS 95: 6578-6583.
Last updated March 3, 2006
Further Reading for Chapter 4
(FIRST HALF OF CHAPTER 4 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Adouette, A., et al. 2000. The new animal phylogeny: reliability and implications. PNAS 97: 4453-4456. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Anbar, A. D., and A. H. Knoll. 2002. Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge? Science 297: 1137-1142. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Antcliffe, J. B., and M. D. Brasier. 2007. Charnia and sea pens are poles apart. Journal of the Geological Society 164: 49-51.
-
Baum, S. K., and T. J. Crowley. 2001. GCM response to Late Precambrian (~590 Ma) ice-covered continents. Geophysical Research Letters 28: 593-596.
-
Bengtson, S. (ed.) 1994. Early Life on Earth. New York: Columbia University Press.
-
Bengtson, S., and Y. Zhao. 1997. Fossilized metazoan embryos from the earliest Cambrian. Science 277: 1645-1648. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Butterfield, N. J. 2004. A vaucheriacean alga from the middle Neoproterozoic of Spitsbergen: implications for the evolution of Proterozoic eukaryotes and the Cambrian explosion. Paleobiology 30: 231252.
-
Chen, J-Y., et al. 2004. Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian. Science 305: 218222. Free access on the Web. Thank you! .
-
Condon, D. J., et al. 2002. Neoproterozoic glacial-rainout intervals: observations and implications. Geology 30: 35-38.
-
Conway Morris, S. 1998. Early metazoan evolution: reconciling paleontology and molecular biology. American Zoologist 38: 867-877.
-
Conway Morris, S. 2000. Evolution: bringing molecules into the fold. Cell 100: 1-11.
-
Conway Morris, S. 2000. The Cambrian "explosion": slow-fuse or megatonnage? PNAS 97: 4426-4429. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Davidson, E. H. and D. H. Erwin. 2006. Gene regulatory networks and the evolution of animal body plans. Science 311: 796800. Will be on the Web sometime later in 2006. Speculative, but it's informed speculation.
-
Droser, M. L., et al. 2002. Trace fossils and substrates of the terminal Proterozoic Cambrian transition: implications for the record of early bilaterians and sediment mixing. PNAS 99: 12572-12576. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Eaves, A. A., and A. R. Palmer. 2003. Widespread cloning in echinoderm larvae. Nature 425: 146. [Compare my model for the plankton of Slushball Earth.]
-
Finnerty, J. R., et al. 2004. Origins of bilateral symmetry: Hox and Dpp expression in a sea anenome. Science 304: 13351337, Available on the Web. Thank you! and comment, 1255-1256. Here, with many links.
-
Hoffman, P. F., et al. 1998. A Neoproterozoic snowball earth. Science 281: 1342-1346. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Jensen, S., et al. 2000. Complex trace fossils from the terminal Proterozoic of Namibia. Geology 28: 143-146.
-
King, N., et al. 2003. Evolution of key signalling and adhesion protein families predates animal origins. Science 301: 361363. Available on the Web. Thank you! [Choanoflagellate genes.]
-
Knoll, A. H., and S. B. Carroll. 1999. Early animal evolution: emerging views from comparative biology and geology. Science 284: 2129-2137. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Knoll, A. H. 2003. Life on a Young Planet: the First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton University Press.
-
Li, C.-W., et al. 1998. Precambrian sponges with cellular structures. Science 279: 879-882, and comment, pp. 803-804. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Logan, G. A., et al. 1995. Terminal Proterozoic reorganization of biogeochemical cycles. Nature 376: 53-56, and comment, pp. 16-17.
-
Lubick, N. 2002. Snowball fights. Nature 417: 12-13.
-
Narbonne, G. M. 2004. Modular construction of early Ediacaran complex life forms. Science 305: 1141-1144 Available on the Web. Thank you!, and commentary, 1115-1117. [Major paper interpreting the frond-like Ediacaran fossils as an extinct clade with fascinating modular biology. The commentary doesn't make any sense (to me): anyone who expects to be able to see heterochrony in a diverse clade of modular organisms hasn't looked at many fossils.]
-
Narbonne, G. M. 2005. The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 421-442.
-
Peterson, K. J., and E. H. Davidson. 2000. Regulatory evolution and the origin of the bilaterians. PNAS 97: 4430-4433. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Shen, Y., et al. 2003. Evidence for low sulphate and anoxia in a mid-Proterozoic marine basin. Nature 423: 632-635, and comment, pp. 592-593.
-
Valentine, J. W. 2002. Prelude to the Cambrian explosion. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Science 30: 285-306.
-
Waggoner, B. M. 1998. Interpreting the earliest metazoan fossils: what can we learn? American Zoologist 38: 975-982.
-
Walker, G. 2000. Snowball Earth. New York: Crown Books. [A good read if you like docudramas: see my critique [WEBICON].]
-
Wood, R. A., et al. 2002. Proterozoic modular biomineralized metazoan from the Nama group, Namibia. Science 296: 2383-2386. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Wray, G. A., et al. 1996. Molecular evidence for deep Precambrian divergences among metazoan phyla. Science 274: 568-573, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 525-526. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [See Conway Morris, 1998.]
-
Wright, K. 1997. When life was odd. Discover 18 (3): 52-61.
-
Xiao, S., et al. 2000. Eumetazoan fossils in terminal Proterozoic phosphorites? PNAS 97: 13684-13689. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Last updated March 3, 2006.
Further reading for Chapter 5
(SECOND HALF OF CHAPTER 4 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Adouette, A., et al. 2000. The new animal phylogeny: reliability and implications. PNAS 97: 4453-4456. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bengtson, S., and Y. Zhao. 1997. Fossilized metazoan embryos from the earliest Cambrian. Science 277: 1645-1648. Available on the Web. Thank you!
-
Butterfield, N.J. 2006. Hooking some stem-group ''worms'': fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays 28: 11611166.
-
Conway Morris, S. 1997. The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals. Oxford University Press.
-
Conway Morris, S. 2006. Darwin's dilemma: the realities of the Cambrian 'explosion'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 361: 1069-1083.
-
Conway Morris, S., and J.-B. Caron. 2007. Halwaxiids and the early evolution of the lophotrochozoans. Science 315: 1255-1258.
-
Delsuc, F., et al. 2006. Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature 439: 965968, and comment, pp. 923924. [The title says it all. Because this is Nature, and the paper will not be generally available on the Web, see Carl Zimmer's blog
-
Droser, M. L., et al. 2002. Trace fossils and substrates of the terminal Proterozoic Cambrian transition: implications for the record of early bilaterians and sediment mixing. PNAS 99: 12572-12576. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Hagadorn, J. W., et al. 2002. Stranded on a Late Cambrian shoreline: medusae from central Wisconsin. Geology 30: 147-150.
-
Hou, X-G., et al. 2004. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: the Flowering of Early Animal Life. Blackwell. [I haven't seen this yet: it is getting great reviews.]
-
Jensen, S., et al. 2000. Complex trace fossils from the terminal Proterozoic of Namibia. Geology 28: 143-146.
-
Knoll, A. H. 2003. Life on a Young Planet: the First Three Billion Years of Evolution on Earth. Princeton University Press.
-
Li, C.-W., et al. 1998. Precambrian sponges with cellular structures. Science 279: 879-882, and comment, pp. 803-804. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Narbonne, G. M. 2004. Modular construction of early Ediacaran complex life forms. Science 305: 1141-1144 Free access on the Web. Thank you!, and commentary, 1115-1117. [Major paper interpreting the frond-like Ediacaran fossils as an extinct clade with fascinating modular biology. The commentary doesn't make any sense (to me): anyone who expects to see heterochrony in a diverse clade of modular organisms hasn't looked at many fossils.]
-
Narbonne, G. M. 2005. The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystems. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 421-442.
-
Nedin, C. 1999. Anomalocaris predation on nonmineralized and mineralized trilobites. Geology 27: 987-990.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 1999. Lower Cambrian vertebrates from South China. Nature 400: 42-46, and comment in Science 286, pp. 1064-1065.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 2001. An Early Cambrian tunicate from China. Nature 411: 472-473.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 2004. Ancestral echinoderms from the Chengjiang deposits of China. Nature 430: 422-428, and commentary, pp. 411412. [It's clear that Andrew Smith thinks the claims are rather daring, shall we say. Whatever else is going on, these new fossils are somewhere in the root zone of the echinoderm/chordate clade (the deuterostomes).] This story is still unfolding.
-
Thomas, R. D. K., et al. 2000. Evolutionary exploitation of design options by the first animals with hard skeletons. Science 288: 1239-1242. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Valentine, J. W. 2002. Prelude to the Cambrian explosion. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Science 30: 285-306.
-
Waggoner, B. M. 1998. Interpreting the earliest metazoan fossils: what can we learn? American Zoologist 38: 975-982.
-
Wood, R. A., et al. 2002. Proterozoic modular biomineralized metazoan from the Nama group, Namibia. Science 296: 2383-2386. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Xiao, S., et al. 2000. Eumetazoan fossils in terminal Proterozoic phosphorites? PNAS 97: 13684-13689. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Zhu, M-Y., et al. 2004. Direct evidence for predation on trilobites in the Cambrian. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, Biology Letters 271: S277S280. [A soft-bodied predator with a lot of trilobite fragments in its gut.]
Last updated March 2, 2006.
Further Reading for Chapter 6
(CHAPTERS 5 and 6 IN 3rd EDITION)
Diversity through Time
-
Adrain, J. M., and S. R. Westrop. 2000. An empirical assessment of taxic paleobiology. Science 289: 110-112. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Alroy, J., et al. 2001. Effects of sampling standardization on estimates of Phanerozoic marine diversification. PNAS 98: 6261-6266; comment in Science 292: 1481. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bambach, R. K. 1993. Seafood through time: changes in biomass, energetics, and productivity in the marine ecosystem. Paleobiology 19: 372-397.
-
Courtillot, V., and Y. Gaudemer. 1996. Effects of mass extinction on biodiversity. Science 381: 146-148.
-
Jackson, J. C. B., and K. G. Johnson. 2001. Measuring past biodiversity. Science 293: 2401-2404. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Schiermeier, Q. 2003. Setting the record straight. Nature 424: 482-483.
-
Vermeij, G. J. 1987. Evolution and Escalation. Princeton University Press.
Mass Extinctions
-
Bambach, R. K., et al. 2004. Origination, extinction, and mass depletions of marine diversity. Paleobiology 30: 522-542. [A very important paper that updates Sepkoski's analyses. The most important insight is that the Permo-Triassic, K-T, and end-Ordovician extinctions are the Big Three. The others cited in the book are not outrageously abnormal.]
-
Basu, A. R., et al. 2003. Chondritic meteorite fragments associated with the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica. Science 302: 1388-1392, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1314-1316. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Becker, L., et al. 2004. Bedout: a possible end-Permian impact crater offshore of Northwestern Australia. Science 304: 14691476. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bowring, S. A., et al. 1998. U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end Permian mass extinction. Science 280: 1039-1045. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Byerly, G. R., et al. 2002. An Archaean impact layer from the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. Science 297: 1325-1327. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Chapman, C. R. 2004. The hazard of near-Earth asteroid impacts on earth. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 222: 115. [Sane and intelligent review.]
-
Droser, M. L., et al. 2000. Decoupling of taxonomic and ecologic severity of Phanerozoic marine mass extinctions. Geology 28: 675-678.
-
Erwin, D. H. 1988. The end and the beginning: recoveries from mass extinctions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 344-349.
-
Erwin, D. H. 1993. The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and Death in the Permian. Columbia University Press.
-
Huey, R. B., and Ward, P. D. 2005. Hypoxia, global warming, and terrestrial late Permian extinctions. Science 308: 398-401, and comment, p. 337. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Isozaki, Y. 1997. Permo-Triassic superanoxia and stratified superocean: records from lost deep sea. Science 276: 235-238. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Jin, Y. G., et al. 2000. Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China. Science 289: 432-436. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kring, D. A. 2000. Impact events and their effect on the origin, evolution, and distribution of life. GSA Today: August 2000.
-
Looy, C. V., et al. 1999. The delayed resurgence of equatorial forests after the Permian-Triassic ecologic crisis. PNAS 96: 13,857-13,862. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Looy, C. V., et al. 2001. Life in the end-Permian dead zone. PNAS 98: 7879-7883. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
McGhee, G. R. 1996. The Late Devonian Mass Extinction: the Frasnian/Famennian Crisis. Columbia University Press.
-
Musashi, M., et al. 2001. Stable carbon isotope signature in mid-Panthalassa shallow water carbonates across the Permo-Triassic boundary: evidence for 13C-depleted superocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 191: 9-20.
-
Payne, J. L., et al. 2004. Large perturbations of the carbon cycle during recovery from the end-Permian extinction. Science 305: 506509. [Nice paper. Shows that there were large systematic swings in the carbon isotope record well into the Triassic, no doubt reflecting some strange features of world ecology during the recovery. The isotope shifts are different from the P-T boundary shifts, suggesting a different causal factor]. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Pfefferkorn, H. W. 1999. Recuperation from mass extinctions. PNAS 96: 13,597-13,599. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Rampino, M. R., et al. 1988. Volcanic winters. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science 16: 73-99.
-
Retallack, G. J., et al. 1999. Postapocalyptic greenhouse paleoclimate revealed by earliest Triassic paleosols in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 111: 52-70.
-
Rohde, R. A., and R. A. Muller. 2005. Cycles in fossil diversity. Nature 434: 208-210; and comment, pp. 147-148. See my vicious comment .
-
Steiner, M. B., et al. 2003. Fungal abundance spike and the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Supergroup (South Africa). PPP 194: 405-414.
-
Suess, E., et al. 1999. Flammable ice. Scientific American 281: 76-83.
-
Tagle, R., and P. Claeys. 2004. Comet or asteroid shower in the late Eocene? Science 305: 492. [Nice paper with attractive hypothesis for the strange events around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Twitchett, R. J. 1999. Palaeoenvironments and faunal recovery after the end Permian mass extinction. PPP 154: 27-37.
-
Visscher, H., et al. 1996. The terminal Paleozoic fungal event: evidence of terrestrial ecosystem destabilization and collapse. PNAS 93: 2155-2158. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [PDF]
-
Wang, K. et al. 1997. Carbon and sulfur isotope anomalies across the Frasnian Famennian extinction boundary, Alberta, Canada. Geology 24, 187-190.
-
Ward, P. D., et al. 2000. Altered river morphology in South Africa related to the Permian-Triassic extinction. Science 289: 1740-1743, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 1666-1667. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Ward, P. D. 2006. Impact from the deep. Scientific American, October 2006. Free access on the Web Thank you!
-
Warme, J. E., and Sandberg, C. A. 1996. Alamo megabreccia: record of a Late Devonian impact in southern Nevada. GSA Today 6: 1-7.
-
Xie, S., et al. 2005. Two episodes of microbial change coupled with Permo/Triassic faunal mass extinction. Nature 434: 494-497.
Last updated October 23, 2006.
Further Reading for Chapter 7
-
Berenbrink, M., et al. 2005. Evolution of oxygen secretion in fishes and the emergence of a complex physiological system. Science 307: 1752-1757, and comment, p. 1705. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Erdmann, M. V., et al. 1998. Indonesian 'king of sea' discovered. Nature 395: 335. [Coelacanth.]
-
Forey, P., and P. Janvier. 1993. Agnathans and the origin of jawed vertebrates. Nature 361: 129134.
-
Fricke, H., and J. Frahm. 1992. Evidence for lecithotrophic viviparity in the living coelacanth. Naturwissenschaften 79: 476-479
-
Gee, H. 1996. Before the Backbone: Views on the Origins of Vertebrates. Chapman and Hall. [Getting dated now because of the flood of new information from living and fossil deuterostomes.]
-
Graham, A. 2004. Rise of the little squirts. Current Biology 14: R956-958. [Comment on a new paper that shows urochordates as closer to vertebrates than cephalochordates, thus reversing the branching order in the cladogram in Figure 7.3.]
-
Janvier, P. 2007. Born-again hagfishes. Nature 446: 622-623.
-
Koob, T. J., and J. H. Long. 2000. The vertebrate body axis: evolution and mechanical function. American Zoologist 40: 1-18.
-
Long, J. A. 2001. On the relationships of Psarolepis and the onychodontiform fishes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 815-820.
-
Ruben, J. R. 1989. Activity physiology and evolution of the vertebrate skeleton. American Zoologist 29: 195-203.
-
Sanderson, S. L., et al. 2001. Crossflow filtration in suspension-feeding fishes. Nature 412: 439-441, and comment, pp. 387-388.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 1996. A Pikaia-like chordate from the lower Cambrian of China. Nature 384: 157-158.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 2001. An Early Cambrian tunicate from China. Nature 411: 472-473.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 2003. Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature 421: 526-529.
-
Shu, D-G., et al. 2003. A new species of yunnanozoan with implications for deuterostome evolution. Science 299: 1380-1384. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Stokes, M. D., and N. D. Holland. 1998. The lancelet. American Scientist 86: 552-560.
-
Thomson, K. S. 1999. The coelacanth: Act Three. American Scientist 87: 213-215.
-
Wilson, M. V. H., and M. W. Caldwell. 1998. The Furcacaudiformes: a new order of jawless vertebrates with thelodont scales, based on articulated Silurian and Devonian fossils from Northern Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 10-29.
-
Zhu, M., et al. 2001. A primitive sarcopterygian fish with an eyestalk. Nature 410: 81-84.
-
Zhu, M., and P. E. Ahlberg. 2004. The origin of the internal nostril of tetrapods. Nature 432: 94-97, and comment by Janvier, pp. 23-24. [Kenichthys].
-
Zimmer, C. 2000. In search of vertebrate origins: beyond brain and bone. Science 287: 1576-1579. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Last updated May 5, 2005.
Further Reading for Chapter 8
-
Bateman, R. M., et al. 1998. Early evolution of land plants: phylogeny, physiology, and ecology of the primary terrestrial radiation. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 29: 263-292.
-
Carroll, R. L. 2001. The origin and early radiation of terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1202-1213.
-
Carroll, R. L., et al. 2005. Thermal physiology and the origin of terrestriality in vertebrates. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 345-358. [This paper is marked "free content", which implies that anyone should be able to reach it at this Blackwell journal site. If you can't, let me know, and I'll find out why not. Having said all that, I have already published this idea in all editions of History of Life since 1990, only I argued it better.]
-
Clack, J. A. 2002. Gaining Ground: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods. University of Indiana Press.
-
Clack, J. A., et al. 2003. A uniquely specialized ear in a very early tetrapod. Nature 425: 65-69.
-
Daeschler, E. B., et al. 2006. A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan. Nature 440: 757-763, and comment, pp. 747-749.
-
Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.
-
Engel, M. S., and D. A. Grimaldi. 2004. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature 427: 627-630. [It is in the Rhynie Chert, and is comparatively advanced in its characters, suggesting that it may have had wings (though this specimen is only preserved as a set of jaws).]
-
Farmer, C. G. 1999. Evolution of the vertebrate cardio-pulmonary system. Annual Reviews of Physiology 61: 573-592. Web reference: not free access, though.
-
Gerrienne, P., et al. 2004. Runcaria, a Middle Devonian seed plant precursor. Science 306: 856-858. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Graham, L. E., et al. 2000. The origin of plants: body plan changes contributing to a major evolutionary radiation. PNAS 97: 4535-4540. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Heckman, D. S., et al. 2001. Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293: 1129-1133. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Janis, C. M., and C. Farmer. 1999. Proposed habitats of early tetrapods: gills, kidneys, and the water-land transition. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 117-126.
-
Koch, G. W., et al. 2004. The limits to tree height. Nature 428: 851854, and comment, p. 807808. The tallest tree, according to the Guinness Book of World Records, is a giant redwood 112.7 meters high. The major control on tree height seems to be the cost of delivering water from the roots to the top. The authors calculate/project that 122130 m is the ultimate height. It would be my prejudice that the tree height should be measured from the water table, not ground level. The paper is in Nature, so won't be generally available on the Web.
-
Lee, H. J., and J. B. Graham. 2002. Their name is mud. Natural History, September 2002. Mudskippers. Available on the Web. Thank you!
-
McCourt, R. M., et al. 2004. Charophyte algae and land plant origins. Trends in Evolution and Ecology 19: 661-666. [Confirms long-held thought, but adds molecular evidence.]
-
Osborne, C. P., et al. 2004. Biophysical constraints on the origin of leaves from the fossil record. PNAS 101: 1036010362. I wrote a mini-essay on this paper and its inferences
-
Raven, J. A. 1984. Physiological correlates of the morphology of early vascular plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 88: 105-126.
-
Shear, W. A. 1991. The early development of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 351: 283-289.
-
Shear, W. A., et al. 1996. Fossils of large terrestrial arthropods from the Lower Devonian of Canada. Nature 384: 555-557.
-
Shipman, P. 2006. Missing links and found links. American Scientist 94 (6): XX-XX. Mostly about Tiktaalik
-
Shubin, N. H. 2006. The "Great" Transition. In Intelligent Thought: Science Versus the Intelligent Design Movement, edited by John Brockman, Vintage Press. The discovery and importance of Tiktaalik.
-
Shubin, N. H., et al. 2004. The early evolution of the tetrapod humerus. Science 304: 9093, Available on the Web. Thank you!; and comment by Jenny Clack, p. 5758. [Here's my take on it: The rest of the animal is not there, but the humerus is enough to show that it was capable of powerful "push-ups". I find it delicious that none of the authors or commentators has a clue why. For the readers of my textbook, see the section on Basking in Chapter 8, and you'll see immediately that this is just another clue about the importance of basking to a set of fairly large-bodied cold-blooded predators living in shallow water. I won't give the whole quote here, but will soon prepare a mini-essay to go along with the analog with living crocodiles and with the clues from nitrogen loss that basking was likely a feature of the lives of the earliest tetrapods. There was a nasty exchange later, that is linked to the paper on the Web site.]
-
Shubin, N. H., et al. 2006. The pectoral fin of Tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature 440: 764-771, and comment, pp. 747-749.
-
Stein, W. E., et al. 2007. Giant cladoxylopsid trees resolve the enigma of the Earth's earliest forest stumps at Gilboa. Nature 446: 904-907, and comment, pp. 861-862.
-
Wellman, C., et al. 2003. Fragments of the earliest land plants. Nature 425: 282-285, and comment, pp. 248-249.
-
Wurtsbaugh, W. A., and D. Neverman. 1988. Post-feeding thermotaxis and daily vertical migration in a larval fish. Nature 241: 846-848.
-
Zhu, M., et al. 2002. First Devonian tetrapod from Asia. Nature 420: 760-761.
-
Zimmer, C. 1995. Coming onto the land. Discover 16 (6): 118-127.
Last updated June 18, 2007.
Further Reading for Chapter 9
-
Beerling, D. J., and R. A. Berner. 2000. Impact of a Permo-Carboniferous high O2 event on the terrestrial carbon cycle. PNAS 97: 12428-12432. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bickford, D. 2002. Male parenting of New Guinea froglets. Nature 418: 601-602.
-
Carroll, R. L. 2001. The origin and early radiation of terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1202-1213.
-
Clack, J. A. 1998. A new Early Carboniferous tetrapod with a mélange of crown group characters. Nature 394: 66-69.
-
Clack, J. A. 2002. An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'. Nature 418: 72-76, and comment, pp. 35-36.
-
Clack, J. A. 2002. Gaining Ground. University of Indiana Press.
-
Labandeira, C. C. 1998. Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Sciences 26: 329-377.
-
Monastersky, R. 1999. Out of the swamps: how early vertebrates established a foothold‹with all 10 toes‹on land. Science News, May 22, 1999.
-
Paton, R. L., et al. 1999. An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland. Nature 398: 508-513.
-
Robinson, J. et al. 2005. The braincase and middle ear region of Dendrerpeton acadianum (Tetrapoda: Temnospondyli). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 143: 577-597.
-
Ruta, M., et al. 2003. Early tetrapod relationships revisited. Biological Reviews 78: 251-345.
-
Shear, W. A. 1991. The early development of terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 351: 283-289.
-
Smithson, T. R. 1989. The earliest known reptile. Nature 342: 676-678.
Last revised June 18, 2007.
Further Reading for Chapter 10
-
Barghusen, H. R. 1975. A review of fighting adaptations in dinocephalians (Reptilia, Therapsida). Paleobiology 1: 295-311.
-
Bennett, S. C. 1996. Aerodynamics and the thermoregulatory function of the dorsal sail of Edaphosaurus. Paleobiology 22: 496-506.
-
Haack, S. C. 1987. A thermal model of the sailback pelycosaur. Paleobiology 12: 450-458.
-
Ray, S., and A. Chinsamy. 2002. Functional aspects of the postcranial anatomy of the Permian dicynodont Diictodon and their ecological implications.. Palaeontology 46: 151-183.
-
Ruben, J. A., et al. 1987. Selective factors in the origin of the mammalian diaphragm. Paleobiology 13: 54-59.
-
Rubidge, B. S., and C. A. Sidor. 2001. Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 449-480.
-
Smith, R. M. H. 1987. Helical burrow casts of therapsid origin from the Beaufort Group (Permian) of South Africa. PPP 60: 155-169.
-
Sues, H.-D., and R. R. Reisz. 1998. Origins and early evolution of herbivory in tetrapods. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 141-145.
Unchanged from 4th edition.
Further Reading for Chapter 11
-
Brochu, C. A. 2001. Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1185-1201.
-
Carrier, D. R. 1987. The evolution of locomotor stamina in tetrapods: circumventing a mechanical constraint. Paleobiology 13: 326-341.
-
Carrier, D. R., and C. G. Farmer. 2000. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26: 271-293.
-
Dzik, J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 556-574.
-
Farmer, C. G., and W. J. Hicks. 2000. Circulatory impairment induced by exercise in the lizard Iguana iguana. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 2691-2697.
-
Gatesy, S. M. 1991. Hind limb movements of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and postural grades. Journal of Zoology, London 224: 577-588.
-
Gower, D. J., and E. Weber. 1998. The braincase of Euparkeria, and the evolutinary relationships of birds and crocodilians. Biological Reviews 73: 367-411.
-
Nesbitt, S. J., and M. A. Norell. 2006. Extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian (Archosauria) and ornithomimid dinosaurs (Theropoda). Proceedings of the Royal Society B [early publication online: replace with reference reference.]
-
Owerkowicz, T., et al. 1999. Contribution of gular pumping to lung ventilation in monitor lizards. Science 284: 1661-1663. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Padian, K. (ed.). 1987. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press.
-
Parrish, J. M. 1987. The origin of crocodilian locomotion. Paleobiology 13: 395-414.
-
Zardoya, R., and A. Meyer. 2001. The evolutionary position of turtles revised. Naturwissenschaften 88: 193-200.
Last updated March 5, 2006.
Further Reading for Chapter 12
(CHAPTERS 12 AND !3 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Alexander, R. McN. 1989. Dynamics of Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Giants. Columbia University Press.
-
Alexander, R. McN. 1991. How dinosaurs ran. Scientific American 264 (4): 130-136.
-
Barrick, R. E., et al. 1998. The thermoregulatory function of the Triceratops frill and horns: heat flow measured with oxygen isotopes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 746-750.
-
Brochu, C. A. 2001. Progress and future directions in archosaur phylogenetics. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1185-1201.
-
de Buffrénil, V., et al. 1987. Growth and function of Stegosaurus plates: evidence from bone histology. Paleobiology 12: 459-473.
-
Carpenter, K. 1999. Eggs, Nests, and Baby Dinosaurs. Indiana University Press.
-
Carrier, D. R., and C. G. Farmer. 2000. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26: 271-293.
-
Carrier, D. R., and C. G. Farmer. 2000. The integration of ventilation and locomotion in archosaurs. American Zoologist 40: 87-100.
-
Chen, P.-J., et al. 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 391: 147-152.
-
Chiappe, L. 1998. Dinosaur embryos. National Geographic 194 (6): 34-41.
-
Chiappe, L. M., et al. 1998. Cranial morphology of the avian Alvarezsauridae: evidence from a new relative of Mononykus. Nature 392: 275-278.
-
Chiappe, L. M., et al. 2001. Embryonic skulls of titanosaur sauropod dinosaurs. Science 293: 2444-2446. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Chin, K., et al. 1998. A king-sized theropod coprolite. Nature 393: 680-682.
-
Currie, P. J. 1989. Long-distance dinosaurs. Natural History June 1989: 60-65.
-
Day, J. J., et al. 2002. Sauropod trackways, evolution, and behavior. Science 296: 1659. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [A group of sauropods: also see Day et al. 2002. Nature 415: 494.]
-
Erickson, G. M., et al. 2001. Dinosaurian growth patterns and rapid avian growth rates. Nature 412: 429-433.
-
Erickson, G. M. 2004. Breathing life into Tyrannosaurus rex. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 22-29. Reprinted from Scientific American, 1999.
-
Farlow, J. O., et al. 2000. Theropod locomotion. American Zoologist 40: 640-663.
-
Fiorillo, A. R. 2004. The dinosaurs of Arctic Alaska. Scientific American 291 (6): 85-91.
-
Forster, C. A. 1996. New information on the skull of Triceratops. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16: 246-258.
-
Forster, C., et al. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science 279: 1915-1919, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1851-1852. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Goodwin, M. B., and J. R. Horner. 2004. Cranial histology of pachycephalosaurs (Ornithischia: Marginocephalia) reveals transitory structures inconsistent with head-butting behavior. Paleobiology 30: 253267. [Pachycephalosaurus did not butt heads.]
-
Horner, J. R. 2000. Dinosaur reproduction and parenting. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Sciences 28: 19-45.
-
Horner, J. R., and K. Padian. 2004. Age and growth dynamics of Tyrannosaurus rex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 271: 18751880.
-
Hutchinson, J. R., and S. M. Gatesy. 2000. Adductors, abductors, and the evolution of archosaur locomotion. Paleobiology 26: 734-751.
-
Kundrát, M. 2007. Avian-like attributes of a virtual brain model of the oviraptorid theropod Conchoraptor gracilis. Naturwissenschaften 94: 499-504.
-
Kundrát, M., and J. Janácek J. 2007. Cranial pneumatization and auditory perceptions of the oviraptorid dinosaur Conchoraptor gracilis (Theropoda, Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Naturwissenschaften. 2007 May 25; [Epub ahead of print]
-
Lessem, D. 1992. Kings of Creation. New York: Simon and Schuster.
-
Mayr, G., et al. 2002. Bristle-like integumentary structures at the tail of the horned dinosaur Psittacosaurus. Naturwissenschaften 89: 361-365.
-
Norell, M., et al. 1993. New limb on the avian family tree. Natural History 102 (9): 38-42.
-
Norell, M. A., et al. 1995. A nesting dinosaur. Nature 378: 774-776, and comment, pp. 764-765.
-
Norell, M. A. and Xu, X. 2005. Feathered dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 277-299. A brief version by Norell in Natural History in 2002. ; and here is Microraptor.
-
Norman, D. B., and P. Wellnhofer. 2000. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander.
-
Novacek, M. J., et al. 2004. Fossils of the Flaming Cliffs. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 56-63. Updated from Scientific American 1994.
-
Paladino, F. V., et al. 1990. Metabolism of leatherback turtles, gigantothermy, and thermoregulation of dinosaurs. Nature 344: 858-860.
-
Paul, G. S. 1988. Physiological, migratorial, climatological, geophysical, survival, and evolutionary implications of Cretaceous polar dinosaurs. Journal of Paleontology 62: 640-652.
-
Rayfield, E. J., et al. 2001. Cranial design and function in a large theropod dinosaur. Nature 409: 1033-1037, and comments, pp. 987-988, and Science 291: 1475-1476. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Rogers, R. R., et al. 2003. Cannibalism in the Madagascan dinosaur Majungatholus atopus. Nature 422: 515-518.
-
Rowe, T., et al. 2001. Dinosaur with a heart of stone. Science 291: 783. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Ruben, J. A., et al. 2003. Respiratory and reproductive paleophysiology of dinosaurs and early birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76: 141-164. [This is a recent summary. Other papers are 1997. Science 278: 1267-1270, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 1229-1230 here; 1999. Science 283: 514-516, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 468 here.]
-
Sanz, J. L., et al. 1995. Dinosaur nests at the sea shore. Nature 376: 731-732.
-
Sato, T., et al. 2005. A pair of shelled eggs inside a female dinosaur. Science 308: 375. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Schweitzer, M. H., et al. 2005. Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 307: 1952-1955. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Schweitzer, M. H. et al. 2005. Gender-specific reproductive tissue in ratites and Tyrannosaurus rex. Science 308: 1456-1460. Free access on the Web, now or soon. Thank you!
-
Seebacher, F., et al. 1999. Crocodiles as dinosaurs: behavioural thermoregulation in very large ectotherms leads to high and stable body temperatures. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 77-86.
-
Sereno, P. C., et al. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282: 1298-1302, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1276-1277. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Sereno, P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science 284: 2137-2147. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Shreeve, J. 1997. Uncovering Patagonia's lost world. National Geographic 192 (6): 120-137.
-
Stevens, K. A., and J. M. Parrish. 1999. Neck posture and feeding habits of two Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs. Science 284: 798-800. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Stokes, W. L. 1987. Dinosaur gastroliths revisited. Journal of Paleontology 61: 1242-1246.
-
Stokstad, E. 2004. Dinosaurs under the knife. Science 306: 962-965. [Update on research on dinosaur bone histology.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Summers, A. P. 2005. Warm-hearted crocs. Nature 434: 833-834. [Comments on a paper, Seymour, R. S., et al. 2004. Evidence for endothermic ancestors of crocodiles at the stem of archosaur evolution. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77: 1051-1067.]
-
Thomas, D. A., and J. O. Farlow. 1997. Tracking a dinosaur attack. Scientific American 277 (6): 74-79.
-
Thulborn, R. A. 1990. Dinosaur Tracks. Chapman and Hall.
-
Thulborn, R. A., and M. Wade. 1979. Dinosaur stampede in the Cretaceous of Queensland. Lethaia 12: 275-279.
-
Varricchio, D. J., et al. 2007. First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur. Proceedings of The Royal Society B, published online.
-
Vickers-Rich, P. and T. H. Rich. 2004. Dinosaurs of the Antarctic. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 40-47. Updated version of their Scientific American article of 1993.
-
Wedel, M. J. 2003. Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology 29: 243-255.
-
Weishampel, D. B. 1981. Acoustic analysis of potential vocalization in lambeosaurine dinosaurs (Reptilia: Ornithischia). Paleobiology 7: 252-261.
-
Weishampel, D. B., et al. (eds.). 2004. The Dinosauria. 2nd edition. University of California Press.
-
Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 215-275.
-
Witmer, L. M. 2001. Nostril position in dinosaurs and other vertebrates and its significance. Science 293: 850-853. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Xu, X., et al. 2000. The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature 408: 705-708.
-
Xu, X., et al. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421: 335-340, and comment, pp. 323-324; also comment in Science 299, p. 491. Free access on the Web for this comment. Thank you!
-
Xu, X. et al. 2004. Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids. Nature 431: 680-684.
-
Xu, X., et al. 2006. A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Nature 439, 715-718, and comment, pp. 665-666. [Guanlong.]
-
Xu, X., et al. 2007. A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China. Nature 447: 844-847. [Gigantoraptor.]
Last updated June 18, 2007.
Further Reading for Chapter 13
(CHAPTER 14 IN 3rd EDITION)
Flight (but not birds)
-
Averof, M., and S. M. Cohen 1997. Evolutionary origin of insect wings from ancestral gills. Nature 385: 627.
-
Carrier, D. R., and C. G. Farmer. 2000. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26: 271-293.
-
Chiappe, L. M., et al. 2004. Argentinian unhatched pterosaur fossil. Nature 432: 571-572.
-
Clark, J. M., et al. 1998. Foot posture in a primitive pterosaur. Nature 391: 886-889. .
-
Dalla Vecchia, F. M., et al. 2002. A crested rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur from the late Triassic of Austria. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 196-199.
-
Dudley, R. 2000. The evolutionary physiology of animal flight: paleobiological and present perspectives. Annual Reviews of Physiology 62: 135-155.
-
Frey, E., et al. 1997. Gliding mechanism in the Late Permian reptile Coelurosauravus. Science 275: 1450-1452, and comment, p. 1419. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Gans, C., et al. 1987. Sharovipteryx, a reptilian glider? Paleobiology 13: 415-426.
-
Gunnell, G. F., and N. B. Simmons. 2005. Fossil evidence and the origin of bats. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 12, 209246. [Summary of current thought].
-
Ji, Q., et al. 2004. Pterosaur egg with a leathery shell. Nature 432: 572.
-
Jones, T. D., et al. 2000. Nonavian feathers in a Late Triassic archosaur. Science 288: 2202-2205, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 2124-2125. See discussions in Science 291: 1899-1901; Free access on the Web. Thank you! ; and Nature 408: 428.] It's wrong.
-
Kellner, A. W. A., and D. de A. Campos. 2002. The function of the cranial crest and jaws of a unique pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil. Science 297: 389-392. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kingsolver, J. G., and M. A. R. Koehl. 1994. Selective factors in the evolution of insect wings. Annual Review of Entomology 39:425-451.
-
Kramer, M. G., and J. H. Marden. 1996. Almost airborne. Nature 385: 403-404. See also Marden's non-technical 1995 article in Natural History 104 (2): 4-8.
-
Li, P.-P. et al. 2007. A gliding lizard from the Early Cretaceous of China. PNAS, published online before print March 21, 2007
-
Naish, D., and D. M. Martill. 2003. Pterosaurs‹a successful invasion of prehistoric skies. Biologist 50: 213-216.
-
Norman, D. B., and P. Wellnhofer. 2000. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander.
-
Rayner, J. M. V., and K. A. Padian. 1993. The wings of pterosaurs. American Journal of Science 293-A: 91-166.
-
Sigé, B., et al. 1998. The deciduous dentition and dental replacement in the Eocene bat Palaeochiropteryx tupaiodon from Messel: the primitive condition and beginning of specialization of milk teeth among Chiroptera. Lethaia 31: 349-358.
-
Socha, J. J. 2002. Gliding flight in the paradise tree snake. Nature 418: 603-604.
-
Springer, M. S., et al. 2001. Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation. PNAS 98: 6241-6246. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Teeling, E. C., et al. 2005. A molecular phylogeny for bats illuminates biogeography and the fossil record. Science 307: 580-584, and comment, 527-528. [Latest version of bat phylogeny. Bats evolved flight and sonar together; later, fruit bats lost sonar as they came to specialize of fruit rather than insects. Bats seem to have had an early explosive evolution in the northern continents in Eocene times, and have been rather stable since.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Tintori, A., and D. Sassi. 1992. Thoracopterus Bronn (Osteichthyes: Actinopterygii): a gliding fish from the Upper Triassic of Europe. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 265-283.
-
Wang, X., and Z. Zhou. 2004. Pterosaur embryo from the Early Cretaceous. Nature 429: 621.
-
Weimerskirch, H., et al. 2003. Frigatebirds ride high on thermals. Nature 421: 333-334. [Cited here as an analog for pterosaurs.]
-
Wilkinson, M. T. 2007. Sailing the skies: the improbable aeronautical success of the pterosaurs. Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 1663-1671.
-
Witmer, L. M., et al. 2003. Neuroanatomy of flying reptiles and implications for flight, posture and behaviour. Nature 425: 950-953, and comment by Unwin, pp. 910-911.
-
Yanoviak S. P., et al. 2005. Directed aerial descent in canopy ants. Nature 433: 624-626. [Gliding ants.]
-
Zimmer, C. 1998. Into the night. Discover 19 (11): 110-115.
Birds
-
Baier, D. B., et al. 2006. A critical ligamentous mechanism in the evolution of avian flight. Nature advance online publication 17 December 2006
-
Balmford, A., et al. 1993. Aerodynamics and the evolution of long tails in birds. Nature 361: 628-631.
-
Barker, F. K., et al. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. PNAS 101: 11040-11045. [Songbirds arose in Australasia.]
-
Bundle. M. W., and K. P. Dial. 2003. Mechanics of wing-assisted incline running (WAIR). Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 4553-4564. [Longer version of Dial 2003.]
-
Carrier, D. R., and C. G. Farmer. 2000. The evolution of pelvic aspiration in archosaurs. Paleobiology 26: 271-293.
-
Chatterjee, S. 1997. The Rise of Birds. Johns Hopkins University Press.
-
Chiappe, L. M., et al. 1999. Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidiae (Theropoda: Aves) from the late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 242.
-
Chiappe, L. M., and G. J. Dyke. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of birds. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33: 91-124.
-
Cowen, R., and J. H. Lipps. 1982. An adaptive scenario for the origin of birds and of flight in birds. Proceedings of the 3rd North American Paleontological Convention, Montréal, 109-112. [Also posted on the Web site [WEBICON].]
-
Dantzker, M.S., et al. 1999. Directional acoustic radiation in the strut display of male sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2893-2909.
-
Dial, K. P. 2003. Wing-assisted incline running and the evolution of flight. Science 299: 402-403, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 329. [I don't believe it [WEBICON].]
-
Dominguez Alonso, P., et al. 2004. The avian nature of the brain and inner ear of Archaeopteryx. Nature 430: 666669, and commentary by Witmer, pp. 619620. [CAT scans from this project are available from the Digimorph site at the University of Texas, Austin.
-
Dunn, P. O., et al. 2001. Mating systems, sperm competition and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution 55: 161-175.
-
Earls, K. D. 2000. Kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the starling Sturnus vulgaris and the quail Coturnix coturnix. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 725-739.
-
Feduccia, A. 1996. The Origin and Evolution of Birds. Yale University Press.
-
Garner, J. P., et al. 1999. On the origins of birds: the sequence of character acquisition in the evolution of avian flight. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 266: 1259-1266, and enthusiastic comment by. Hedenström, Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14: 375-376.
-
Hou, L., et al. 2004. New Early Cretaceous bird from China documents a novel trophic specialization for Mesozoic birds. Naturwissenschaften 91: 2225. [Longirostravis looks like a bird that probes in mudflats for its food, like the living oystercatcher. Nice paper.]
-
Houde, P. 1986. Ostrich ancestors found in the Northern Hemisphere suggest new hypothesis of ratite origins. Nature 324: 563-565, and comment, p. 516.
-
Ji, Q., et al. 1999. A new Late Mesozoic confuciusornithid bird from China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 1-7.
-
Marshall, L. G. 2004. The terror birds of South America. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 82-89. Updated from Scientific American 270 (2): 90-95 (1994).
-
Murray, P. F., and P. Vickers-Rich. 2004. Magnificent Mihirungs. University of Indiana Press.
-
Norell, M. A., and J. A. Clarke. 2001. Fossil that fills a critical gap in avian evolution. Nature 409: 181-184.
-
Norell, M. A. and Xu, X. 2005. Feathered dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 277-299. A brief version by Norell in Natural History in 2002. ; and here is Microraptor.
-
Nudds, R. L. & Bryant, D. M. 2000. The energetic cost of short flights in birds. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 1561-1572.
-
Padian, K., and L. M. Chiappe. 1998. The origin and early evolution of birds. Biological Reviews 73: 1-42.
-
Padian, K., and L. M. Chiappe. 1998. The origin of birds and their flight. Scientific American 278 (2): 28-37, and correspondence, v. 278 (6): 8-8A.
-
Padian, K. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs, bird precursors, or neither? BioScience 53: 450-453.
-
Pennisi, E. 2005. Bird wings really are like dinosaurs' hands. Science 307, p. 194. [This seems to settle an argument that has been raging for a few years, and it is another confirmation that birds are (derived) dinosaurs.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Poore, S. O., et al. 1997. Wing upstroke and the evolution of flapping flight. Nature 387: 799-802.
-
Prum, R. O., and A. H. Brush. 2004. Which came first, the feather or the bird? Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 72-81. Reprinted from Scientific American, March 2003. [Good summary of the latest on feather development and its evolutionary significance.]
-
Sanz, J. L., et al. 1996. An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight. Nature 382: 442-445.
-
Sanz, J. L., et al. 1997. A nestling bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain: implications for avian skull and neck evolution. Science 276: 1543-1546, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 1501.
-
Tykoski, R. S., et al. 2002. A furcula in the coelophysid theropod Syntarsus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 728-733.
-
Uy, J. A. C. 2002. Say it with bowers. Natural History. Display and evolution in bowerbirds. Available on the Web. Thank you!
-
Xu, X., et al. 2003. Four-winged dinosaurs from China. Nature 421: 335-340, and comment, pp. 323-324; also comment in Science 299, p. 491. Free access on the Web. Thank you! See also Padian 2003.
-
Zhang, F., and Z. Zhou. 2004. Leg feathers in an Early Cretaceous bird. Nature 431: 925.
-
Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2002. A long-tailed, seed-eating bird from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature 418: 405-409.
-
Zhou, Z., and F. Zhang. 2004. A precocial avian embryo from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Science 306: 653. [Feathered but unhatched chick.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Zimmer, C. 1992. Ruffled feathers. Discover 13 (5): 44-54.
-
Zimmer, C. 1997. Terror, take two. Discover 18 (6): 68-74.
Last updated January 1 2006.
Further Reading for Chapter 14
(CHAPTERS 16 AND 17 IN 3rd EDITION)
Marine Reptiles
-
Buchholz, E. A. 2001. Swimming styles in Jurassic ichthyosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21: 61-73.
-
Caldwell, M. W., and M. S. Y. Lee. 2001. Live birth on Cretaceous marine lizards (mosasauroids). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 268: 23972401. [The aigialosaur Carsosaurus.]
-
Cheng, Y-N. et al. 2004. Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young. Nature 432: 383-386. [The pachypleurosaur Keichousaurus.]
-
Cowen, R. 1996. Locomotion and respiration in aquatic air-breathing vertebrates. In D. Jablonski et al. (eds.), Evolutionary Paleobiology, pp. 337-352. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
-
Dobie, J. L., et al. 1986. A unique sacroiliac contact in mosasaurs (Sauria, Varanoidea, Mosasauridae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6: 197-199.
-
Erickson, G. M., and C. A. Brochu. 1999. How the 'terror crocodile' grew so big. Nature 398: 205-206.
-
Fritsches, K. A., et al. 2005. Warm eyes provide superior vision in swordfishes. Current Biology 15: 55-58. [Did the same occur in ichthyosaurs?]
-
Li, C., et al. 2004. A Triassic aquatic protorosaur with an extremely long neck. Science 305: 1931. [Dinocephalosaurus.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Lingham-Soliar, T. 1992. A new mode of locomotion in mosasaurs: subaqueous flight in Plioplatecarpus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12: 405-421.
-
McGowan, C. 1988. Differential development of the rostrum and mandible of the swordfish (Xiphias gladius) during ontogeny and its possible functional significance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 496-503.
-
Motani, R., et al. 1999. Large eyeballs in diving ichthyosaurs. Nature 402: 747.
-
Motani, R. 2004. Rulers of the Jurassic Seas. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 4-11. Reprinted from Scientific American 2000.
-
Motani, R. 2005. Evolution of fish-shaped reptiles (Reptilia: Ichthyopterygia) in their physical environments and constraints. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 395-420.
-
Renesto, S., et al. 2001. Nothosaurid embryos from the Middle Triassic of Northern Italy: an insight into the viviparity of nothosaurs? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 957-960.
-
Rieppel, O. 2002. Feeding mechanics in Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 135: 33-63.
-
Rydin, C., et al. 2004. On the evolutionary history of Ephedra: Cretaceous fossils and extant molecules. PNAS 101: 16571-16576. [The living primitive plant Ephedra has a long fossil record without much change, back to the early Cretaceous.]
-
Zardoya, R., and A. Meyer. 2001. The evolutionary position of turtles revised. Naturwissenschaften 88: 1943-200.
Flowering Plants
-
Bernhardt, P. 1999. The Rose's Kiss: A Natural History of Flowers. Island Press.
-
Bond, W. J. 1989. The tortoise and the hare: ecology of angiosperm dominance and gymnosperm persistence. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 36: 227-249.
-
Buchmann, S. L., and G. P. Nabhan. 1996. The Forgotten Pollinators. Island Press.
-
Crepet, W. L. 2000. Progress in understanding angiosperm history, success, and relationships: Darwin's abominably "perplexing phenomenon". PNAS 97: 12939-12941. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Currie, C. R., et al. 1999. The agricultural pathology of ant fungus gardens. PNAS 96: 7998-8002.
-
Diamond, J. M. 1999. Dirty eating for healthy living. Nature 400: 120-121.
-
Dilcher, D. 2000. Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record. PNAS 97: 7030-7036. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Doyle, J. A. 1998. Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 29: 567-599.
-
Feild, T. S., et al. 2004. Dark and disturbed: a new image of early angiosperm ecology. Paleobiology 30: 82107.
-
Friis, E. M., et al. 2001. Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous. Nature 410: 357-360.
-
Friis, E. M., et al. 2004. Araceae from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal: Evidence on the emergence of monocotyledons. PNAS 101: 16565-16570. [The earliest monocots are part of the first radiation of angiosperms.]
-
Grimaldi, D. and D. Agosti. 2000. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. PNAS 97: 13678-13683. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Mathews, S., and M. J. Donoghue. 1999. The root of angiosperm phylogeny inferred from duplicate phytochrome genes. Science 286: 947-950. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Mulcahy, D. L., and G. B. Mulcahy. 1987. The effects of pollen competition. American Scientist 75: 44-50.
-
Paxton, R. J., and Tengö, J. 2001. Doubly duped males: the sweet and sour of the orchid's bouquet. Trends in Evolution and Ecology 16: 167-169.
-
Ren, D. 1998. Flower-associated Brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science 280: 85-88, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment by Labandeira, pp. 57-59.
-
Soltis, P. S. et al. 1999. Angiosperm phylogeny inferred from multiple genes as a tool for comparative biology. Nature 402: 402-404, and comment, pp. 358-359.
-
Sun, G., et al. 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new basal angiosperm family. Science 296: 899-904, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 821.
-
Tang, W. 1982. Heat and odor production in cycad cones. Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 42 (3): 12-14.
-
Tang, W. 1987. Insect pollination in the cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae). American Journal of Botany 74: 90-99.
-
Wing, S. L., and L. D. Boucher. 1998. Ecological aspects of the Cretaceous flowering plant radiation. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Sciences 26: 379-421.
Last updated September 24, 2005
Further Reading for Chapter 15
-
Cifelli, R. L. 2001. Early mammalian radiations. Journal of Paleontology 75: 1214-1226.
-
Duboule, D. 1999. No milk today (my Hox have gone away). PNAS 96: 322-323. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Geiser, F., et al. 2002. Was basking important in the evolution of mammalian endothermy? Naturwissenschaften 89: 412414. Available on the Web. Thank you!
-
Hillenius, W. J. 1994. Turbinates in therapsids: evidence for Late Permian origins of mammalian endothermy. Evolution 48: 207-229.
-
Hu, Y., et al. 1997. A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution. Nature 390: 137-142.
-
Hu, Y., et al. 2005. Large Mesozoic mammals fed on young dinosaurs. Nature 433, 149-152, and comment, pp. 116-117. [Repenomamus giganticus, the largest Mesozoic mammal so far discovered.]
-
Ji, Q., et al. 1999. A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Nature 398: 326-330, and comment, p. 283-284; also comment in Science 283: 1989-1990. Comment in Science is freely available on the Web. Thank you!
-
Ji, Q., et al. 2002. The earliest known eutherian mammal. Nature 416: 816-822, and comment, pp. 788-789.
-
Ji, Q., et al. 2006. A swimming mammaliaform from the Middle Jurassic and ecomorphological diversification of early mammals. Science 311: 11231127, and comment, pp. 1109-1110. [This is Castorocauda, the "Jurassic beaver".] Will be on the Web later in 2006.
-
Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., et al. 1987. The origin of egg-laying mammals. Nature 326: 871-873.
-
Luo, Z-X., et al. 2001. Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals. Nature 409: 53-57, and comment, pp. 28-31. Comment in Science 291, 26; has free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Luo, Z-X., et al. 2001. A new mammaliaform from the Early Jurassic and evolution of mammalian characteristics. Science 292: 1535-1540, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1496-1497.
-
Luo, Z-X., et al. 2002. In quest for a phylogeny of Mesozoic mammals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 1-78.
-
Luo, Z-X., et al. 2003. An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science 302: 1934-1940, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1899-1900.
-
Luo, Z.-X., and J. R. Wible. 2005. A Late Jurassic digging mammal and early mammalian diversification. Science 308: 103-107. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [Fruitafossor, otherwise known as Popeye.]
-
Luo, Z-X., et al. 2007. A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals. Nature 446: 288-293. [Yanoconodon.]
-
Madsen, O., et al. 2001. Parallel adaptive radiations in two major clades of placental mammals. Nature 409: 610-614.
-
Meng, J., and A. R. Wyss. 1995. Monotreme affinities and low-frequency hearing suggested by multituberculate ear. Nature 377: 141-144, and comment, pp. 104-105.
-
Meng, J., et al. 2006. A Mesozoic gliding mammal from northeastern China. Nature 444, 889-893. [Volaticotherium.]
-
Murphy, W. J., et al. 2001. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature 409: 614-618.
-
Rauhut, O. W. M., et al. 2003. A Jurassic mammal from South America. Nature 416: 165-168.
-
Reilly, S. M., and T. D. White 2003. Hypaxial motor patterns and the function of epipubic bones in primitive mammals. Science 299: 400-402. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Rich, T. H., et al. 2005. Independent origins of middle ear bones in monotremes and therians. Science 307, 910-914, and comment, 861-862. [A new fossil monotreme suggests that its middle ear was separately evolved from early mammals; other living mammals, therians, evolved theirs independently. Stay tuned: this will take some time to sort out, and many people think the few fossils have been over-interpreted.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Rosowski, J. J., and A. Graybeal. 1991. What did Morganucodon hear? Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 101: 131-168.
-
Rougier, G. W., et al. 1998. Implication of Deltatheridium specimens for early marsupial history. Nature 396: 459-463.
-
Rowe, T., and J. Gauthier. 1992. Ancestry, paleontology, and definition of the name Mammalia. Systematic Biology 41: 372-378.
-
Rubidge, B. S., and C. A. Sidor. 2001. Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32: 449-480.
-
Rybczynski, N., and R. R. Reisz. 2001. Earliest evidence for efficient oral processing in a terrestrial herbivore. Nature 411: 684-687.
-
Sereno, P. C., and M. C. McKenna. 1995. Cretaceous multituberculate skeleton and the early evolution of the mammalian shoulder girdle. Nature 377: 144-147; and comment, pp. 104-105.
-
Sidor, C. A., and J. A. Hopson. 1998. Ghost lineages and "mammalness": assessing the temporal pattern of character acquisition in the Synapsida. Paleobiology 24: 254-273.
-
Wang, Y., et al. 2001. An ossified Meckel's cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the mammalian middle ear. Science 294: 257-361. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
Last updated March 3, 2006.
Further Reading for Chapter 16
(CHAPTER 18 IN 3rd EDITION)
Last updated May 21, 2005
Further Reading for Chapter 17
(CHAPTER 19 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Archibald, J. D., et al. 2001. Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals. Nature 414: 62-65.
-
Asher, R. J., et al. 2005. Stem Lagomorpha and the antiquity of Glires. Science 307: 1091-1094. [The earliest ancestor for the lagomorphs: an ancestral rabbit, if you like.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bromham, L., et al. 1999. Growing up with dinosaurs: molecular data and the mammalian radiation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14: 113-118.
-
Douzery, E. J. P., et al. 2004. The timing of eukaryotic evolution: Does a relaxed molecular clock reconcile proteins and fossils? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 15386-15391. [Yes: if you assume that the clocks don't run accurately, and massage enough data, and use real fossils for calibration, you can get believable results.]
-
Foote, M., et al. 1999. Evolutionary and preservational constraints on origins of biological groups: divergence times of eutherian mammals. Science 283: 1310-1314. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Fountaine, T. M. R., et al. 2005. The quality of the fossil record of Mesozoic birds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 272: 289294. [The conclusion here is that the Mesooic record of birds is lousy, but it's good enough to say that modern birds are not there. In other words, the radiation of modern birds begins at or near the K-T. not deep in the Mesozoic.]
-
Gaeth, A. P., et al. 1999. The developing renal, reproductive, and respiratory systems of the African elephant suggest an aquatic ancestry. PNAS 96: 5555-5558. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Gingerich, P. D., et al. 2001. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science 293: 2239-2242, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 2216-2217.
-
Luo, Z-X. et al. 2001. Dual origin of tribosphenic mammals. Nature 409: 53-57, and comment, pp. 28-31. Comment in Science 291, 26. Comment is available on the Web. Thank you!
-
Luo, Z-X. et al. 2003. An Early Cretaceous tribosphenic mammal and metatherian evolution. Science 302: 19341940, and comment, pp. 18991900. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [New data from the Lower Cretaceous of China on the origin of tribosphenic mammals and of marsupials.]
-
MacFadden, B. J., et al. 1999. Ancient diets, ecology, and extinction of 5-million year-old horses from Florida. Science 283: 824-827, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 773.
-
Springer, M. S., et al. 2003. Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. PNAS 100: 1056-1061. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Springer, M. S., et al. 2004. Molecules consolidate the placental mammal tree, TREE 19, 430-438.
-
Thewissen, J. G. M., et al. 2001. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature 413: 277-281, and comment, pp. 259-260.
-
Van Valkenburgh, B. 1999. Major patterns in the history of carnivorous mammals. Annual Reviews of Earth & Planetary Sciences 27: 463-493.
-
Wong, K. 2004. The mammals that conquered the seas. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 12-20. [First published in Scientific American, 2002. Very clear summary of the origin of whales, as seen in 2002.]
Last updated May 31, 2005
Further Reading for Chapter 18
(CHAPTER 20 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Barker, F. K., et al. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. PNAS 101: 11040-11045. [Songbirds arose in Asutralasia.]
-
Bunce, M., et al. 2005. Ancient DNA provides new insights into the evolutionary history of New Zealand's extinct giant eagle. PLoS Biol 3(1): e9. It's freely available on the Web (RC: add URL!).
-
Diamond, J. M. 1990. Biological effects of ghosts. Nature 345: 769-770.
-
Flynn, J. J., and A. R. Wyss. 1998. Recent advances in South American mammalian paleontology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13: 449-454.
-
Godthelp, H., et al. 1992. Earliest known Australian Tertiary mammal fauna. Nature 356: 514-516.
-
Kappelman, J., et al. 2003. Oligocene mammals from Ethiopia and faunal exchange between Afro-Arabia and Eurasia. Nature 426: 549-552, and comment, pp. 509-511.
-
Marshall, L. G. 1988. Land mammals and the Great American Interchange. American Scientist 76: 380-388.
-
Marshall, L. G. 2004. The terror birds of South America. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 82-89. Updated from Scientific American 270 (2): 90-95 (1994).
-
Pascual, R., et al. 1992. First discovery of monotremes in South America. Nature 356: 704-706.
-
Rasmussen, D. T., and E. L. Simons. 1988. New Oligocene hyracoids from Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8: 67-83.
-
Richardson, K. C., et al. 1986. Adaptations to a diet of nectar and pollen in the marsupial Tarsipes rostratus (Marsupialia: Tarsipedidae). Journal of Zoology, London A 208: 285-297.
-
Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., et al. 2003. The anatomy of the world's largest extinct rodent. Science 301: 1708-1710, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1678-1679.
-
Springer, M. S., et al. 1997. Endemic African mammals shake the phylogenetic tree. Nature 368: 61-64.
-
Stanhope, M. J., et al. 1998. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic African insectivore animals. PNAS 95: 9967-9972. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Webb, S. D. 1991. Ecogeography and the Great American Interchange. Paleobiology 17: 266-280.
-
Wroe, S. 2004. Killer kangaroos and other murderous marsupials. Scientific American Special Edition 14 (2): 48-55.
Last updated May 22, 2005
Further Reading for Chapter 19
(CHAPTER 21 IN 3rd EDITION)
-
Barton, R. A. 2004. Binocularity and brain evolution in primates. PNAS 101: 1011310115. Available on the Web. Thank you! [There is a striking correlation between stereoscopic vision and increasing brain size throughout primate evolution.]
-
Begun, D. R. 2003. Planet of the apes. Scientific American 289 (2): 74-83. [Argues that hominids are descended from Eurasian Miocene apes, not African ones.]
-
Benefit, B. R. 1999. Victoriapithecus: the key to Old World monkey and catarrhine origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 7: 155-174.
-
Bloch, J. I., and D. M. Boyer. 2002. Grasping primate origins. Science 298: 1606-1610, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1564-1565; arguments, Science 300: 741. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Bloch, J. I., et al. 2007. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. PNAS 104: 1159-1164. [Unambiguously places plesiadapids as euprimates.]
-
Boissinot, S., et al. 1998. Origins and antiquity of X-linked triallelic color vision systems in New World monkeys. PNAS 95: 13749-13754. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Chaimanee, Y., et al. 2000. A lower jaw of Pondaungia cotteri from the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation (Myanmar) confirms its anthropoid status. PNAS 97: 4102-4105. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Changizi, M. A., et al. 2006. Bare skin, blood and the evolution of primate colour vision. Biology Letters (published early online)
-
Collura, R. V. and C.-B. Stewart. 1995. Insertions and duplications of mtDNA in the nuclear genomes of Old World monkeys and hominoids. Nature 378: 485-489.
-
Dean, D., and E. Delson. 1992. Second gorilla or third chimp? Nature 359: 676-677.
-
Gebo, D. L., et al. 1997. A hominoid genus from the Early Miocene of Uganda. Science 276: 401-404. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Gebo, D. L., et al. 2000. The oldest known anthropoid postcranial fossils and the early evolution of higher primates. Nature 404: 276-278.
-
Gebo, D. J. 2004. A s h r e w - s i z e d o r i g i n f o r p r i m a t e s. Yea r boo k of P h y sical A n t h r o p o logy 4 7 : 4 0 6 2. [Convincing argument that the earliest primates were not just small: they were tiny.]
-
Heesy, C. P. 2001. Rethinking anthropoid origins. Evolutionary Anthropology 10: 119-121.
-
Jaeger, J.-J., et al. 1999. A new primate from the Middle Eocene of Myanmar and the Asian early origin of anthropoids. Science 286: 528-530. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kay, R. F., et al. 1997. Anthropoid origins. Science 275: 797-804, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and discussion, v. 278, pp. 2134-2136.
-
Kelley, J., and Q. Xu. 1991. Extreme sexual dimorphism in a Miocene hominoid. Nature 351: 151-153, and comment, pp. 111-112.
-
Moyá-Solá, S., and M. Köhler. 1996. A Dryopithecus skeleton and the origins of great-ape locomotion. Nature 379: 156-159, and comment, pp. 123-124.
-
Moyà-Solà, S., et al. 2004. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306: 1339-1344.
-
Rasmussen, D. T., et al. 1998. Tarsier-like locomotor specializations in the Oligocene primate Afrotarsier. PNAS 95: 14848-14850. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Rook, L., et al. 1999. Oreopithecus was a bipedal ape after all: evidence from the iliac cancellous architecture. PNAS 96: 8795-8799. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Ross, C. F. 2000. Into the light: the origin of Anthropoidea. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 29:147-194.
-
Schwartz, J. H. 1990. Lufengpithecus and its potential relationship to an orang-utan clade. Journal of Human Evolution 19: 591-605.
-
Seiffert, E. R., et al. 2003. Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature 422: 421-424.
-
Setoguchi, T., and A. L. Rosenberger. 1987. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Nature 326: 692-694.
-
Simons, E. L. 1987. New faces of Aegyptopithecus from the Oligocene of Egypt. Journal of Human Evolution 16: 273-289.
-
Simons, E. L., et al. 1999. Canine sexual dimorphism in Egyptian Eocene anthropoid primates: Catopithecus and Proteopithecus. PNAS 96: 2559-2562. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Stewart, C.-B., et al. 1987. Adaptive evolution in the stomach lysozymes of foregut fermenters. Nature 330: 401-404, and comment, p. 315.
-
Sumner, P. & Mollon J. D. 2000. Catarrhine photopigments are optimised for detecting targets against a foliage background. Journal of Experimental Biology 203: 1963-1986.
-
Tattersall, I. 1993. Madagascar's lemurs. Scientific American 268(1): 110-117.
-
Walker, A., and M. Teaford. 1989. The hunt for Proconsul. Scientific American 260(1): 76-82.
-
Ward, S., et al. 1999. Equatorius: a new hominoid genus from the Middle Miocene of Kenya. Science 285: 1382-1386, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 1335-1337.
Last updated June 18, 2007.
Further Reading for Chapter 20
(CHAPTER 22 IN 3rd EDITION)
Australopithecines
-
Agnew, N., and M. Demas. 1998. Preserving the Laetoli footprints. Scientific American 279 (3): 44-55.
-
Asfaw, B., et al. 1999. Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 284: 629-635, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 572-573. See also companion paper by J. de Heinzelin et al. on environment and behavior of A. garhi, pp. 625-629. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Balter, M. 2001. Paleontological rift in the Rift Valley. Science 292: 198-201. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Brunet, M., et al. 2002. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418: 145-151, and comment, pp. 133-135. [Sahelanthropus. See also companion paper on the age and environment, pp. 152-155.]
-
Clarke, R. J. 1998. First ever discovery of a well-preserved skull and associated skeleton of an Australopithecus. South African Journal of Science 94: 460-463.
-
Galik, K. et al. 2004. External and internal morphology of the BAR 1002'00 Orrorin tugenensis femur. Science 305: 1450-1453. [Orrorin walked upright.] Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Gibbons, A. 2002. In search of the first hominids. Science 295: 1214-1219. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Haile-Selassie, Y. 2001. Late Miocene hominids from the Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 412: 178-181, with companion paper on the age and paleoenvironment, pp. 175-178; also see comment in Science 293: 187-189. Comment has free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Kramer, P. A. 1999. Modelling the locomotor energetics of extinct hominids. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 2807-2818.
-
Leakey, M., and A. Walker. 1997. Early hominid fossils from Africa. Scientific American 276 (6): 74-79.
-
McCollum, M. A. 1999. The robust australopithecine face: a morphogenetic perspective. Science 284: 301-305, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 230-231.
-
McHenry, H. M., and K. Coffing. 2000. Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Annual Reviews of Anthropology 29: 125-146.
-
Partridge, T. C., et al. 2003. Lower Pliocene hominid remains from Sterkfontein. Science 300: 607-612 Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 562.
-
Reno, P. L., et al. 2003. Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humans. PNAS 100: 9404-9409, and comment, pp. 9103-9104. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Semaw, S., et al. 2003. 2.6-million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 45: 169-177.
-
Senut, B., et al. 2001. First hominid from the Miocene (Lukeino formation, Kenya). Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris 332: 137-144, and companion paper on the paleoenvironment, pp. 145-152; see comment in Nature 410: 526-527. [Orrorin.]
-
Sponheimer, M., and J. A. Lee-Thorp. 1999. Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus. Science 283: 368-370, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 303.
-
Suwa, G., et al. 1997. The first skull of Australopithecus boisei. Nature 389: 489-492, and comment, pp. 445-446.
-
Wheeler, P. E. 1991. The influence of bipedalism on the energy and water budget of early hominids. Journal of Human Evolution 21: 117-137.
-
White, T. 2003. Early hominids: diversity or distortion? Science 299: 19941996. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Wong, K. 2003. An ancestor to call our own. Scientific American Special Edition 13 (2): 4-13. [Nice summary account of Sahelanthropus.]
-
Zollikofer, C. P. E., et al. 2005. Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Nature 434: 755-759, and comment, Science 308: 179-181. [Argues strongly that Sahelanthropus is a hominid, and is probably bipedal.] The Science comment has free access on the Web. Thank you!
Early Homo
-
Aiello, L. C. and J. C K. Wells. 2002. Energetics and the evolution of the genus Homo. Annual Reviews in Anthropology 31: 323-338.
-
Antón, S. C., and C. C. Swisher. 2004. Early dispersals of Homo from Africa. Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 271-296.
-
Bermudez de Castro, J. M., et al. 1997. A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans. Science 276: 1392-1395, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1331-1333.
-
Bermúdez de Castro, J. M., et al. 1999. A modern human pattern of dental development in Lower Pleistocene hominids from Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain). PNAS 96: 4210-4213. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Blumenschine, R. J., and J. A. Cavallo. 1992. Scavenging and human evolution. Scientific American 267 (4): 90-96.
-
Blumenschine, R. J., et al. 2003. Late Pliocene Homo and hominid land use from western Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Science 299: 1217-1221, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, pp. 1193-1194.
-
Bramble, D. M., and D. E. Lieberman. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432: 345-352. [Brilliant paper.]
-
Brantingham, P. J. 1998. Hominid-carnivore coevolution and invasion of a predatory guild. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 17: 327-353.
-
Fernández-Jalvo, Y., et al. 1999. Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution XX: 591-622.
-
Martínez, I. et al. 2004. Auditory capacities in Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sierra de Atapuerca in Spain. PNAS 101: 9976-9981. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [The Atapuerca species had completely modern hearing range (??tuned to speech??]
-
Pennisi, E. 1999. Did cooked tubers spur the evolution of big brains? Science 283: 2004-2005. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 1993. Making Silent Stones Speak. New York: Simon and Schuster.
-
Toth, N. 1987. The first technology. ScientiÞc American 256 (4): 112-121.
-
Toth, N., et al. 1992. The last stone ax makers. Scientific American 267 (1): 88-93.
-
Lovejoy, C. O. 1988. Evolution of human walking. ScientiÞc American 259 (5): 118-125.
-
Vekua, A., et al. 2002. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science 297: 85-89, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 26-27.
-
Wong, K. 2003. Stranger in a new land. Scientific American 289 (5): 74-83. [The Dmanisi fossils as seen in 2003.]
Homo erectus
-
Abbate, E., et al. 1998. A one-million-year-old Homo cranium from the Danakil (Afar) depression of Eritrea. Nature 393: 458-460.
-
Antón, S. C. 2003. Natural history of Homo erectus. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 46: 126-170.
-
Boaz, N. T., and R. L. Ciochon. 2004. Headstrong hominids. Natural History, February. Free access on the Web. Thank you! [Skull features of Homo erectus are evidence of severe intraspecific competition that involved fighting with weapons.]
-
Gibbons, A. 1998. Ancient island tools suggest Homo erectus was a seafarer. Science 279: 1635-1637. Free access on the Web. Thank you!
-
Hou, Y., et al. 2000. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like stone technology of the Bose Basin, South China. Science 287: 1622-1626, Free access on the Web. Thank you! and comment, p. 1566.
<